Isimiso sikaPascal [sichazwa kalula]
Isazi sefilosofi saseFrance nesazi sezibalo Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), wenza iminikelo eyahlukahlukene kumcabango wamathuba, izibalo nomlando wemvelo. Esaziwa kakhulu yisimiso sikaPascal, ekuziphatheni koketshezi.
Okuthunyelwe nguPascal kulula, kulula ukuyiqonda futhi ilusizo kakhulu. Ngokuzama, uPascal uthola ukuthi ingcindezi eseziphuzweni, esimweni sokuphumula, idluliselwa ngokufanayo kulo lonke ivolumu nakuzo zonke izinkomba.
Isitatimende sikaPascal, Ngokuya ngokutadisha uketshezi, kusetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwemishini ehlukahlukene yokubacindezela efana nemishini yokucindezela, amakheshi, amabhuleki ezimoto, phakathi kokunye.
Imiqondo eyisisekelo yokuqonda i-Principal Pascal
Ukucindezela
Ingcindezi isilinganiso samandla asetshenzisiwe endaweni yunithi ngayinye. Kukalwa ngamayunithi afana nePascal, ibha, umkhathi, amakhilogremu ngesentimitha lesikwele, i-psi (iphawundi ngesentimitha lesikwele), phakathi kokunye. [1]
Ingcindezi ngokulingana ngokulingana nendawo esetshenzisiwe noma indawo: indawo iba nkulu, ingcindezi incane, indawo incane, ingcindezi iba nkulu. Isibonelo, kuMdwebo 2 amandla ka-10 N afakwa esikhonkwaneni esinethiphu yaso enendawo encane kakhulu, kuyilapho amandla afanayo ka-10 N esetshenziswa kushizela onethiphu lawo linendawo enkulu kunethiphu yesipikili. Njengoba isipikili sinethiphu encane kakhulu, wonke amandla afakwa esicijweni saso, okufaka ingcindezi enkulu kuso, ngenkathi kuseshizele, indawo enkudlwana ivumela amandla ukuthi asatshalaliswe kakhulu, okwenza ingcindezi incane.
Lo mphumela ungabonakala nasesihlabathini noma eqhweni. Uma owesifazane egqoke isicathulo sezemidlalo noma isicathulo esincane kakhulu esithendeni, ngesicathulo esihle kakhulu esithendeni kuvame ukucwila kakhulu ngoba sonke isisindo saso sigxile endaweni encane kakhulu (isithende).
Ingcindezi ye-Hydrostatic
Yingcindezi etholakala ngoketshezi ekuphumuleni odongeni ngalunye lwesitsha okuqukethe uketshezi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uketshezi luthatha ukwakheka kwesitsha futhi lokhu kuphumule, ngenxa yalokho, kwenzeka ukuthi amandla afanayo asebenze odongeni ngalunye.
Amanzi
Indaba ingaba sesimweni esiqinile, esiwuketshezi, esinegesi noma se-plasma. Okubalulekile esimweni esiqinile kunomumo ocacile nevolumu. Uketshezi lunomthamo ocacile, kodwa hhayi umumo ocacile, owamukela ukwakheka kwesiqukathi esiqukethe, kuyilapho amagesi engenalo ivolumu ecacisiwe noma umumo ocacile.
Okuwuketshezi namagesi kubhekwa "njengoketshezi", ngoba, kulezi, ama-molecule abanjwa ndawonye amandla okubumbana abuthakathaka, lapho enikezwa amandla we-tangential athanda ukugeleza, ahamba esitsheni esiqukethe. Uketshezi yizinhlelo ezihamba njalo.
Okuqinile kudlulisa amandla okusebenza kuwo, kanti kuketshezi nakumagesi kucindezelwa.
ISIMISO SEPASCAL
Isazi sefilosofi nesazi sezibalo esingumFulentshi uBlaise Pascal, wenze amagalelo ahlukahlukene kumcabango wamathuba, izibalo nomlando wemvelo. Esaziwa kakhulu yisimiso esinegama lakhe ekuziphatheni koketshezi. [2]
Isitatimende Somgomo KaPascal
Isimiso sikaPascal ithi ingcindezi etholakala noma ikuphi kuketshezi oluvalekile nolungaqondakali idluliswa ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinkomba kulo lonke uketshezi, okungukuthi, ingcindezi kulo lonke uketshezi ihlala njalo. [3].
Isibonelo somgomo kaPascal singabonakala kuMdwebo 3. Imigodi yayenziwa esitsheni bese imbozwa ngokhokho, bese igcwaliswa ngamanzi (uketshezi) bese kubekwa isivalo. Lapho kuphoqelelwa amandla esembozweni sesiqukathi, kwethulwa ingcindezi emanzini alingana nhlangothi zonke, okwenza ukuthi wonke amakhokho abesemigodini aphume.
Esinye sezivivinyo zakhe ezaziwa kakhulu kwaba ngesipontsho sikaPascal. Isipetu sasigcwele uketshezi futhi sixhunywe kwamanye amashubhu, lapho kufakwa ingcindezi kupayipi lesirinji, uketshezi lwakhuphukela endaweni efanayo kushubhu ngalinye. Ngakho-ke kwatholakala ukuthi ukwanda kwengcindezi ketshezi eliphumule kudluliswa ngokufanayo kulo lonke ivolumu nakuzo zonke izinkomba. [4].
UKUSETSHENZISWA KWESIMISO SEPASCAL
Ukusetshenziswa kwefayela le- Isimiso sikaPascal Zingabonakala empilweni yansuku zonke ezintweni eziningi ze-hydraulic ezifana nemishini yokucindezela u-hydraulic, ama-hoists, amabhuleki kanye nama-jacks.
Cindezela umfutholuketshezi
Umshini wokubacindezela kuyidivayisi evumela ukukhulisa amandla. Umgomo wokusebenza, osuselwa kumgomo kaPascal, usetshenziswa emitshinini, emakhethini, emabhulekini, nakwizinhlobonhlobo zamadivayisi wokubacindezela.
Siqukethe amasilinda amabili, wezindawo ezahlukahlukene, agcwele uwoyela (noma olunye uketshezi) futhi axhumana nomunye. Kukhona nama-plunger noma ama-piston amabili angena kumasilinda, ukuze athintane nalolu ketshezi. [5].
Isibonelo somshini we-hydraulic siboniswa kumfanekiso 4. Lapho kusetshenziswa amandla i-F1 kupiston yendawo encane i-A1, kwenziwa ingcindezi kuloluketshezi oludluliswa khona manjalo ngaphakathi kwamasilinda. Ku-piston enendawo enkudlwana engu-A2, amandla F2 anolwazi, amakhulu kakhulu kunalawo asetshenzisiwe, ancike ebudlelwaneni bezindawo A2 / A1.
Ukuzivocavoca umzimba 1. Ukuphakamisa imoto, ufuna ukwakha ujeke wokubacindezela. Yibuphi ubudlelwano okufanele ubukhulu bama-hydraulic ram pistons bube khona ukuze ngokusebenzisa amandla ka-100 N ikwazi ukuphakamisa imoto engama-2500 kg kwi-piston enkulu? Bheka umfanekiso 5.
Isixazululo
Kumajeke wokubacindezela, umgomo kaPascal uyagcwaliseka, lapho umfutho kawoyela ngaphakathi kojeke wokubacindezela uyefana, kepha amabutho “ayanda” lapho ama-piston enezindawo ezahlukahlukene. Ukunquma isilinganiso sendawo yama-hydraulic jack pistons:
- Ngokuya ngobuningi bemoto, 2.500 kg, ofuna ukuyiphakamisa, thola isisindo semoto usebenzisa umthetho wesibili kaNewton. [6]
Sikumema ukuba ubone le ndatshana Imithetho kaNewton "kulula ukuyiqonda"
- Kusetshenziswa isimiso sikaPascal, kulingana izingcindezi kuma-piston.
- Ubudlelwano bendawo bama-plunger busuliwe futhi amanani afakwa esikhundleni. Bheka umfanekiso 6.
Izindawo ze-piston kufanele zibe nesilinganiso esingu-24,52, isibonelo, uma une-piston encane enobubanzi obungu-3 cm (indawo A1= 28,27 cm2), i-plunger enkulu kufanele ibe nobubanzi obungu-14,8 cm (indawo A2= 693,18 cm2).
Ikheshi Hidraulic
I-hydraulic lift iyidivayisi esetshenziswayo ukuphakamisa izinto ezisindayo. Amakheshi we-Hydraulic asetshenziswa ezitolo eziningi zezimoto ukwenza ukulungisa okungaphansi kwezimoto.
Ukusebenza kwamakheshi we-hydraulic kusekelwe kumthetho kaPascal. Ama-Elevator ngokuvamile asebenzisa uwoyela ukudlulisa ingcindezi kuma-piston. Imoto kagesi isebenzisa ipompo ye-hydraulic enengcindezi ku-piston enendawo encane kunazo zonke. Kwi-piston enendawo enkulu kunazo zonke, amandla "ayanda", akwazi ukuphakamisa izimoto ezizolungiswa. Bheka umfanekiso 7.
Ukuzivocavoca umzimba 2. Thola umthwalo ophakeme ongasuswa ngophakamisa wokubacindezela onendawo yepiston encane kunazo zonke ingu-28 cm2, futhi leyo ye-piston enkulu kunazo zonke ingu-1520 cm2, lapho amandla amakhulu angafakwa kungu-500 N. Bheka umdwebo 8.
Isixazululo:
Njengoba umthetho kaPascal ugcwaliseka kuma-lifter hydraulic, izingcindezi kuma-piston zizolingana, ngakho-ke ukwazi amandla amakhulu angasetshenziswa kupiston encane, amandla amakhulu azofakwa ku-piston enkulu abalwa (F2), njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso 9.
Ukwazi isisindo esiphezulu (F2) esingaphakanyiswa, ubukhulu bunqunywa kusetshenziswa umthetho wesibili kaNewton [6], ngakho-ke izimoto ezinesisindo esifinyelela ku-2766,85 kg zingaphakanyiswa. Bheka umfanekiso 10. Ngokusho kwetafula eliku-figure 8, ezimotweni ezijwayelekile zezimoto, kuphela izimoto ezihlangene ezinesisindo esingu-2.500 kg ezingaphakanyiswa ngokuphakanyiswa.
Amabhuleki umfutholuketshezi
Amabhuleki asetshenziswa ezimotweni ukwehlisa ijubane noma ukumisa ngokuphelele. Ngokuvamile, amabhuleki wokubacindezela anemishini efana naleyo eboniswe esithombeni. Ukucindezela i-pedal pedal kusebenza amandla adluliselwa episton yendawo encane. Amandla asetshenzisiwe enza ingcindezi ngaphakathi kuketshezi lwamabhuleki. [7].
Kulolu ketshezi ingcindezi idluliselwa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, kuze kufike kupiston yesibili lapho kukhuliswa khona amandla. I-piston isebenza kuma-disc noma kugubhu ukuphula amathayi emoto.
IMIBUZO
Isimiso sikaPascal ithi, okokuphuza okungaqondakali okuphumule, ingcindezi ihlala njalo kulo lonke uketshezi. Ingcindezi etholakala nomaphi kuloluketshezi oluvalekile idluliselwa ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinkomba nezinkomba.
Phakathi kwezicelo ze- Isimiso sikaPascal Kunemishini eminingi yokubacindezela efana nemishini yokunyathelisa, amakheshi, amabhuleki namajack, amadivayisi avumela amandla okukhulisa, ngokusho kobudlelwano bezindawo ezikuplanethi zedivayisi.
Ungayeki ukubukeza kuwebhusayithi yethu i- Umthetho waseNewton, Izimiso ze-Thermodynamic, the Isimiso sikaBernoulli phakathi kokunye okuthakazelisa kakhulu.