Ukuqonda umthetho we-Universal Gravitation
Ngenxa yezifundo zososayensi, kuye kwenzeka ukuqonda izinto zemvelo, nokwenza intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe eminyakeni edlule. INewton, ngokususelwa ezifundweni zikaGalileo zemithetho elawula ukunyakaza kwama-projectiles eMhlabeni, kanye nezifundo zikaKepler zemithetho yokunyakaza kwamaplanethi ohlelweni lwonozungezilanga, uphetha ngokuthi amandla adingekayo okugcina iplanethi i-orbit incike kubantu ibanga lokwehlukana. Umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi wendawo yonke, owashicilelwa ngo-1687 ngu-Isaac Newton, usivumela ukuthi sinqume amandla okuhehwa ngawo izinto ezimbili ezinobunzima, eziwusizo kakhulu ekutadisheni imizila yezinkanyezi ezinomsila, ukutholakala kwamanye amaplanethi, amagagasi, ukuhamba kwama-satellite, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Imiqondo eyisisekelo yokuqonda "Law of Universal Gravitation"
Sikumema ukuba ubone le ndatshana I-Newton-Laws-okulula ukuyiqonda
Amandla weCentripetal:
Force ephoqa iselula ukugoba umzila wayo okwenza ichaze ukunyakaza okuyindilinga. Amandla we-centripetal asebenza emzimbeni oqondiswe enkabeni yendlela eyisiyingi. Umzimba uhlangabezana nokusheshiswa kwe-centripetal kusukela i-velocity, ye-modulus engaguquki, iguqula inkombandlela njengoba ihamba. Bheka isithombe 1.
Amandla weCentripetal angabalwa kusetshenziswa umthetho wesibili kaNewton [1], lapho ukusheshisa kwe-centripetal kungabonakaliswa njengomsebenzi we-angular velocity, velocity eqondile, noma njengomsebenzi wesikhathi somzimba ngokunyakaza okuyindilinga. Bheka umfanekiso 2.
[igama le-adinserter = "Vimba u-1 ″]
Imithetho Kepler sika
Isazi sezinkanyezi uJohannes Kepler uchaze ukuhamba kwamaplanethi wesimiso sonozungezilanga, esebenzisa imithetho emithathu: umthetho wemizila, izindawo nezikhathi. [amabili].
Umthetho wokuqala kaKepler, noma umthetho wemizila:
Onke amaplanethi asozungezweni elanga azungeza ilanga e-orbit eyindilinga. Ilanga likomunye wemibono emibili ye-ellipse. Bheka umfanekiso 3.
Umthetho wesibili kaKepler, noma umthetho wezindawo:
Irediyasi ejoyina iplanethi elangeni ichaza izindawo ezilinganayo ngezikhathi ezilinganayo. Umugqa (ongokomfanekiso) osuka elangeni uye kwiplanethi, ushanela izindawo ezilinganayo ngezikhathi ezilinganayo; okusho ukuthi, isilinganiso lapho indawo ishintsha khona sihlala njalo. Bheka umfanekiso 4.
Umthetho wesithathu kaKepler, noma umthetho wezikhathi:
Kuwo wonke amaplanethi, ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwekhiyubhu ye-radius ye-orbit nesikwele sesikhathi sayo buhlala buhleli. I-eksisi enkulu ye-ellipse cubed futhi ihlukaniswe yisikhathi (isikhathi sokwenza uguquko oluphelele), kuyinto efanayo njalo kumaplanethi ahlukile. Amandla e-kinetic eplanethi ancipha njengokuguquka kwebanga lawo ukusuka elangeni. Bheka umfanekiso 5.
Umthetho we-Universal Gravitation
Umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi, owashicilelwa ngo-1687 ngu-Isaac Newton, usivumela ukuthi sinqume amandla okuhehwa ngawo izinto ezimbili ezinobunzima. UNewton uphethe ngokuthi:
- Imizimba ikhangwa iqiniso lokuthi linesisindo.
- Amandla okuheha phakathi kwezidumbu abonakala kuphela lapho okungenani eyodwa yemizimba exhumanayo inkulu kakhulu, njengeplanethi.
- Kukhona ukuxhumana kude, ngakho-ke, akudingekile ukuthi imizimba ixhumane namandla akhangayo ukuthi asebenze.
- Ukuhlangana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwezidumbu ezimbili kuhlale kubonakala njengombhangqwana wamandla alinganayo esiqondisweni nasemodulus, kepha kolunye uhlangothi.
Isitatimende Somthetho Wamandla Okudonswa Komhlaba Wonke
Amandla okuheha phakathi kwabantu abaningi alingana ngqo nomkhiqizo wesixuku futhi ngokulingana ngokulingana nesikwele sebanga elibahlukanisayo. Amandla okuheha anesiqondiso esivumelana nomugqa obajoyinayo [3]. Bheka umfanekiso 6.
Ukungaguquguquki kokulingana G phakathi kwamanani kwaziwa njengokuguquguquka komhlaba wonke kwamandla adonsela phansi. Kuhlelo lwamazwe omhlaba lilingana no:
Ukuzivocavoca 1. Thola amandla okudonswa ngawo imizimba esemfanekisweni 7.
Isixazululo
Ku-figure 8 kunemizimba emibili enesisindo m1 = 1000 kg ne-m2 = 80 kg, ehlukaniswe ngebanga lamamitha ama-2. Kusetshenziswa umthetho wendawo yonke wamandla adonsela phansi, amandla okuheha phakathi kwawo anganqunywa, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kumfanekiso 8.
Ukudonswa koMthetho Wokudonswa Kwezinto Zomhlaba Wonke
Kusukela emthethweni wesithathu kaKepler ohlobanisa i-radius nesikhathi seplanethi ezungezayo, ukusheshisa kwe-centripetal okutholwa yiplanethi ngokulingana ngokulingana nesikwele sendawo yomjikelezo wayo. Ukuthola amandla we-centripetal osebenza eplanethi, umthetho wesibili kaNewton [] uyasetshenziswa, kucatshangelwa ukusheshiswa kwe-centripetal okuhlangabezana nakho, okuvezwa njengomsebenzi waleso sikhathi. Bheka umfanekiso 9.
Inani lokuhlala njalo kwamandla adonsela phansi lanqunywa nguHenry Cavendish eminyakeni eminingi ngemuva kokusungulwa komthetho wamandla adonsela phansi kaNewton. I-G engaguquki ibhekwa njenge "yendawo yonke" ngoba inani layo liyafana kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yendawo yonke eyaziwayo, futhi izimele ngemvelo lapho izinto zitholakala khona.
Ukuzivocavoca umzimba 2. Nquma ubukhulu beplanethi enguMhlaba, wazi ukuthi irediyasi ingama-6380 km
Isixazululo
Imizimba etholakala ebusweni bomhlaba idonswa iye enkabeni yayo, la mandla aziwa ngokuthi isisindo somzimba (amandla uMhlaba oheha ngawo). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthetho wesibili kaNewton ungasetshenziswa ukuveza isisindo somzimba njengomsebenzi wamandla adonsela phansi, ngakho-ke isisindo soMhlaba singatholakala, saziwa irediyasi yaso. Bheka umfanekiso 11.
Ukusetshenziswa komthetho wamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni jikelele
Umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi wendawo wonke ulusizo ekuchazeni ukuzungeza kwezinkanyezi ezinomsila, ukutholakala kwamanye amaplanethi, amagagasi, ukuhamba kwama-satellite, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Imithetho kaNewton igcwaliseka ncamashi, lapho kubonakala ukuthi enye inkanyezi ayilandeli kungenxa yokuthi enye inkanyezi engabonakali iphazamisa ukunyakaza, ngakho-ke ukuba khona kwamaplanethi kutholakele kusuka ekuphazamiseni ezikhiqiza ezindleleni zamaplanethi ezaziwayo.
Iziphuphutheki:
I-satellite yinto ezungeza enye into enosayizi omkhulu kanye nensimu enkulu yokuvuthwa, ngokwesibonelo, unenyanga, isathelayithi yemvelo yomhlaba. Isathelayithi ihlangabezana nokusheshiswa kwe-centripetal ngoba ithotyelwa kumandla akhangayo emkhakheni wamandla adonsela phansi.
Ukuzivocavoca umzimba 3. Thola ijubane lesathelayithi elizungeza umhlaba ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-6870 ukusuka enkabeni yomhlaba. Bheka umfanekiso 12
Isixazululo
Iziphuphutheki zokwenziwa zigcinwa emzileni wokuzungeza uMhlaba ngenxa yamandla okuheha uMhlaba osebenza kuwo. Kusetshenziswa umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi nomthetho wesibili kaNewton, kunganqunywa ijubane lesathelayithi. Bheka umfanekiso 13.
IMIBUZO
Zonke izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo ziheha noma iyiphi enye inhlayiya yomoya ngamandla alingana ngqo nomkhiqizo wezixuku zombili futhi ngokulingana ngokulingana nesikwele sebanga esibahlukanisayo.
Ukuhlangana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwezidumbu ezimbili kuhlale kubonakala njengombhangqwana wamandla alinganayo esiqondisweni nasemodulus, kepha kolunye uhlangothi.
Umthetho kaNewton wamandla adonsela phansi asivumela ukuthi sinqume amandla okuhehwa ngawo izinto ezimbili ezinesisindo, sazi ukuthi amandla okuheha phakathi kwabantu abaningi alingana ngqo nomkhiqizo wabantu futhi ngokulingana ngokulingana nesikwele sebanga esibahlukanisayo .