Imigaqo ye-Thermodynamic
Ukuqonda, ngendlela elula, kwihlabathi elibanzi nelintsokothileyo leThermodynamics, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uhambe inyathelo nenyathelo ngokuqala ngokujonga kwakhona amagama asisiseko, intshayelelo kwimigaqo ye-thermodynamic, emva koko ufunde nzulu ngakumbi ngemithetho ye-thermodynamic, zichazwe ngokwezibalo.nokusetyenziswa kwayo.
Ngemithetho emine ye-thermodynamics (zero law, umthetho wokuqala, umthetho wesibini kunye nomthetho wesithathu), kuchazwa indlela ukudluliselwa kunye nokuguqulwa kwamandla phakathi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezisebenza; ukuba sisiseko sokuqonda uninzi lweziganeko zemichiza yomzimba.
Ukuphononongwa kweekhonsepthi ezisisiseko
Siyakumema ukuba ubone eli nqaku ITHERMODYNAMICS, yintoni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo
Unokuluxhasa olu lwazi ngenqaku Amandla oMthetho weWatt (Izicelo-Ukuzivocavoca) Okwangoku SILANDELA ...
Iifom zamandla
Amandla, ipropathi yemizimba yokuziguqula ngokwabo ngokuguqula imeko okanye imeko yabo, iza ngeendlela ezininzi, ezinje amandla e-kinetic, amandla anokubakho kunye namandla angaphakathi emizimba. Jonga umfanekiso 1.
Umsebenzi
Yimveliso yamandla kunye nokufuduka, zombini zilinganiswa kwicala elinye. Ukubala umsebenzi, icandelo lamandla elingqamene nokushenxiswa kwento lisetyenzisiwe. Umsebenzi ulinganiswa kwi-Nm, Joule (J), ft. Lb-f, okanye kwi-BTU. Jonga umzobo 2.
Ubushushu (Q)
Ukuhanjiswa kwamandla obushushu phakathi kwemizimba emibini ekumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo, kwaye kwenzeka kuphela ngengqondo yokuba iqondo lobushushu liyancipha. Ubushushu bulinganiswa kwiJoule, BTU, iinyawo zepawundi, okanye kwiikhalori. Jonga umfanekiso 3.
Imigaqo ye-Thermodynamic
Umthetho weZero-Umgaqo weZero
Umthetho onguziro we-thermodynamics uthi ukuba izinto ezimbini, A no-B, zikulungelelwaniso olushushu kunye nomnye, kwaye into engu-A ikulingano kunye nento yesithathu C, ke into engu-B ikulingano lwe-thermal kunye nento C. Umlinganiso weThermal uyenzeka xa imizimba emibini nangaphezulu ikubushushu obufanayo. Jonga umfanekiso 4.
Lo mthetho uthathwa njengomthetho osisiseko we-thermodynamics. Yabekwa njengo "Zero Law" ngo-1935, kuba yabhalwa emva komthetho wokuqala nowesibini we-thermodynamics.
Umthetho wokuqala we-Thermodynamics (Umgaqo wolondolozo lwamandla)
Ingxelo yoMthetho wokuqala weThermodynamics:
Umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics, ekwabizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo wolondolozo lwamandla, uthi amandla awenziwanga okanye atshatyalaliswe, aguqulwa abe lolunye uhlobo lwamandla, okanye agqithiselwe kwenye into aye kwenye. Ke inani elipheleleyo lamandla kwindalo iphela alitshintshi.
Umthetho wokuqala uzalisekisiwe kuyo yonke into, amandla agqithiselwa kwaye aguqulwe ngokuqhubekekayo, umzekelo, kwezinye izixhobo zombane, ezinje ngomxube kunye nezihlanganisi, amandla ombane aguqulwa abe ngamandla oomatshini kunye nobushushu, emzimbeni womntu baguqulwa ikhemikhali amandla okutya angeniswe kumandla e-kinetic xa umzimba ushukuma, okanye eminye imizekelo efana naleyo iboniswe kumzobo 5.
Ukulingana koMthetho wokuqala weThermodynamics:
Umlinganiso wokuqala womthetho ngaphakathi kwemigaqo ye-thermodynamic ubonakalisa ibhalansi ekufuneka ibekhona phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamandla kwinkqubo enikiweyo. Ukusukela, kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo [1], amandla otshintshiselwano anokunikezelwa kuphela ngokudluliselwa kobushushu, okanye ngomsebenzi owenziwe (yinkqubo okanye) kumiselwe ukuba ukwahluka kwamandla kwenkqubo kulingana nesibalo Ugqithiso lwamandla ngobushushu nangomsebenzi. Jonga umfanekiso 6.
Ukujonga ukuba amandla athathelwa ingqalelo kulo mlinganiso wamandla amandla e-kinetic, amandla anokubakho kunye namandla angaphakathi [1], ibhalansi yamandla kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo ihleli njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso we-7.
- (ec) Amandla eKinetic, ngenxa yokuhamba komzimba;
- (ep) Amandla aBakho, ngenxa yokuma komzimba kwicandelo lomxhuzulane;
- (OKANYE) Amandla angaphakathi, ngenxa yegalelo elincinci le-kinetic kunye namandla anokubakho kwiimolekyuli zangaphakathi zomzimba.
Umthambo 1.
Isikhongozeli esitywiniweyo siqulathe into, ene-eneji yokuqala ye-10 kJ. Into ixhokonxwa ngumshukumisi owenza i-500 J isebenza, ngelixa umthombo wobushushu ugqithisela i-20 kJ yobushushu kwinto leyo. Ukongeza, i-3kJ yobushushu ikhutshelwa emoyeni ngexesha lenkqubo. Chonga amandla okugqibela ezinto. Jonga umzobo 8.
Isixazululo:
Kumzobo 9 ungabona ubushushu obongezwe ngumthombo wobushushu, othathwa ngokuba "ulungile" kuba unyusa amandla ezinto, ubushushu obukhutshelwa emoyeni, obungebuhle kuba bunciphisa amandla ezinto, kunye Umsebenzi wendiza, eyonyuse amandla yathatha uphawu oluqinisekileyo.
Kumzobo we-10 ibhalansi yamandla ibonakalisiwe, ngokomthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics kunye namandla okugqibela eento afunyenweyo.
Umthetho wesibini we-thermodynamics
Kukho iingxelo ezininzi zomthetho wesibini we-thermodynamics: Ingxelo kaPlanck-Kelvin, uClausius, uCarnot. Ngamnye kubo ubonisa umba owahlukileyo womthetho wesibini. Ngokubanzi umthetho wesibini we-thermodynamics ubeka emva:
- Isalathiso seenkqubo ze-thermodynamic, ezingenakuguqulwa kweziganeko zomzimba.
- Ukusebenza koomatshini abashushu.
- Ngenisa ipropathi "entropy".
Isikhokelo seenkqubo ze-thermodynamic:
Ngokuzenzekelayo kwindalo, amandla ahamba okanye adluliselwe ukusuka kwelona lizwe liphezulu ukuya kwisimo samandla esisezantsi. Ubushushu buhamba buvela kwimizimba eshushu buye kwimizimba ebandayo hayi ngenye indlela. Jonga umzobo 11.
Ukusebenza kakuhle okanye ukusebenza kobushushu:
Ngokomthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics, amandla awenziwanga okanye atshatyalaliswe, kodwa anokuguqulwa okanye ahanjiswe. Kodwa kuko konke ukutshintshwa okanye ukuguqulwa kwamandla isixa sayo asiloncedo ukwenza umsebenzi. Njengoko amandla ehanjiswa okanye eguqulwa, inxenye yamandla okuqala ikhutshwa njengamandla ashushu: amandla ehla, aphulukane nomgangatho.
Kulo naluphi na utshintsho lwamandla, isixa samandla afunyenweyo sihlala singaphantsi kunamandla esiwanikiweyo. Ukusebenza kobushushu liqondo lobushushu elivela kumthombo eliguqulwe laba ngumsebenzi, umlinganiselo phakathi kwamandla aluncedo afunyenweyo kunye namandla anikezelweyo kuguquko. Jonga umzobo 12.
Umatshini obushushu okanye uMatshini woBushushu:
Umatshini we-thermal sisixhobo esiguqula ubushushu bube ngumsebenzi okanye amandla oomatshini, afuna kuwo umthombo onikezela ubushushu kubushushu obuphezulu.
Koomatshini bokufudumeza into efana nomphunga wamanzi, umoya okanye ipetroli iyasetyenziswa. Into iqhubeka kuthotho lweenguqu ze-thermodynamic ngendlela ejikelezayo, ukuze umatshini usebenze ngokuqhubekekayo.
Umthambo 2.
Injini yesithuthi esithwala imithwalo ivelisa ubushushu ekutshiseni ipetroli. Kumjikelo ngamnye we-injini, ubushushu be-5 kJ bujikiswa baba yi-1kJ yomsebenzi womatshini. Yintoni ukusebenza kweemoto? Bungakanani ubushushu obukhutshwa kumjikelo ngamnye wenjini? Jonga umfanekiso 13
Isixazululo:
Ukufumanisa ubushushu obukhutshiweyo, kucingelwa ukuba koomatshini bokushisa umsebenzi womnatha ulingana nothumelo lobushushu kwinethi. Jonga umfanekiso 14.
Entropy:
I-Entropy linqanaba lokungahleli okanye ukuphazamiseka kwinkqubo. I-Entropy yenza ukuba kube nakho ukulinganiswa kwinxalenye yamandla engenakusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umsebenzi, oko kukuthi, yenza ukuba kube nakho ukulinganisa ukungaguquguquki kwenkqubo ye-thermodynamic.
Ugqithiso ngalunye lwamandla olwenzekayo lwonyusa ukungena kwezinto kwindalo yonke kwaye linciphise inani lamandla asebenzisekayo afumanekayo ukwenza umsebenzi. Nayiphi na inkqubo ye-thermodynamic iya kuqhubeka kwicala elonyusa i-entropy iyonke yendalo iphela. Jonga umfanekiso 15.
Umthetho wesithathu weThermodynamics
Umthetho wesithathu weThermodynamics okanye iNerst Postulate
Umthetho wesithathu we-thermodynamics uhambelana nobushushu nokupholisa. Ithi intropy yenkqubo kwi-zero ngokupheleleyo yinto eqinisekileyo. Jonga umfanekiso 16.
I-zero engagungqiyo bubushushu obusezantsi ngezantsi obungasekho manyathelo asezantsi, yeyona nto ibanda kakhulu emzimbeni. I-zero epheleleyo ngu-0 K, ilingana no -273,15 ºC.
Isiphelo
Mane imigaqo ye-thermodynamic. Kumgaqo we-zero kumiselwe ukuba ulingano lwe-thermal lwenzeka xa imizimba emibini okanye nangaphezulu ikwiqondo lobushushu elifanayo.
Umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics ujongene nolondolozo lwamandla phakathi kweenkqubo, ngelixa umthetho wesibini we-thermodynamics ujongene nolwalathiso ukusuka kwelona lisezantsi ukuya kwelona liphezulu le-entropy, kunye nokusebenza okanye ukusebenza kweinjini ezishushu eziguqula ubushushu bube ngumsebenzi.
Umthetho wesithathu we-thermodynamics uhambelana nobushushu kunye nokupholisa, ithi i-entropy yenkqubo kwi-zero ngokupheleleyo yinto eqinisekileyo.