Thermodynamic Misimboti
Kuti unzwisise, nenzira yakapfava, iyo yakafara uye yakaoma nyika yeThermodynamics, zvinokurudzirwa kuenda nhanho nhanho kutanga nekudzokorodza mazwi ekutanga, sumo yemitemo ye thermodynamic, wobva wadzidza zvakadzama mitemo ye thermodynamic, sei zvinoratidzwa masvomhu.uye mashandisiro ayo.
Nemitemo mina ye thermodynamics (zero mutemo, wekutanga mutemo, wechipiri mutemo uye wechitatu mutemo), zvinotsanangurwa mashandisiro uye shanduko yesimba pakati pesisitimu dzakasiyana dzinoshanda; kuva hwaro hwekunzwisisa akawanda epanyama-makemikari mananara ezvisikwa.
Ongororo yezvakakosha pfungwa
Tinokukoka iwe kuti uone iyo chinyorwa THERMODYNAMICS, zvazviri uye mashandisiro ayo
Iwe unogona kuzadza iyi ruzivo nechinyorwa Simba reMutemo waWatt (Zvikumbiro - Maekisesaizi) Kwazvino TINOTEVERA ...
Mafomu esimba
Simba, chivakwa chemitumbi yekuzvishandura pachavo nekugadzirisa mamiriro avo kana nyika, inouya nenzira dzakasiyana, senge kinetic simba, simba rinobvira uye simba remukati remiviri. Ona mufananidzo 1.
Shanda
Icho chibereko chesimba uye kusimudzira, zvese zvakayerwa munzira imwechete. Kuverenga iro basa, chinhu chesimba icho chinoenderana nekushanduka kwechinhu chinoshandiswa. Basa rinoyerwa muNm, Joule (J), ft. Lb-f, kana BTU. Ona mufananidzo 2.
Kupisa (Q)
Kutamisa kwesimba rinopisa pakati pemiviri miviri iri pane tembiricha dzakasiyana, uye zvinongoitika mupfungwa yekuti tembiricha inoderera. Kupisa kunoyerwa muJoule, BTU, paundi-tsoka, kana mumakori. Ona mufananidzo 3.
Thermodynamic Misimboti
Zero Mutemo - Zero Musimboti
Mutemo we zero we thermodynamics unotaura kuti kana zvinhu zviviri, A na B, zviri muhutano hwemhepo pamwe chete, uye chinhu A chiri muchiyero nechimwe chinhu chechitatu C, zvino chinhu B chiri muchimiro chekupisa nechinhu C. Chiyero cheThermal chinoitika apo miviri miviri kana yakawanda iri patembiricha imwechete. Ona mufananidzo 4.
Uyu mutemo unofungidzirwa semutemo wekutanga we thermodynamics. Yakatumirwa se "Zero Mutemo", muna 1935, kubva payakamisikidzwa mushure mekutanga uye wechipiri mitemo ye thermodynamics yakaitwa.
Yekutanga Mutemo weThermodynamics (Musimboti wekuchengetedza simba)
Chirevo cheMutemo wekutanga weThermodynamics:
Mutemo wekutanga we thermodynamics, unozivikanwawo senzira yekuchengetedza simba, unoti simba harigadzirwe kana kuparadzwa, rinongoshandurwa kuita imwe mhando yesimba, kana rinotamisirwa kubva pachinhu chimwe kuenda pane chimwe. Nekudaro huwandu hwesimba hwese muchadenga haushanduke.
Mutemo wekutanga unozadziswa mu "zvese", simba rinotamiswa nekushandurwa uchienderera mberi, semuenzaniso, mune mamwe magetsi zvigadzirwa, senge maisanganisa uye masanganisi, simba remagetsi rinoshandurwa kuita simba remuchina uye rinopisa, mumuviri wemunhu ivo vanoshandurwa mushonga simba rechikafu chinodyiwa muinetic energy kana muviri uchinge wafamba, kana mimwe mienzaniso yakaita seiya inoratidzwa mumufananidzo 5.
Kuenzanisa kweMutemo wekutanga weThermodynamics:
Iko kuenzanisa kwemutemo wekutanga mukati memisimboti ye thermodynamic inoratidza chiyero chinofanirwa kuve chiripo pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzesimba mune yakapihwa maitiro. Sezvo, mumasisitimu akavharwa [1], kuchinjaniswa kwesimba kunogona kupihwa chete nekuchinjisa kwekupisa, kana nebasa rakaitwa (ne kana pane system), zvinoonekwa kuti simba musiyano wesystem yakaenzana nechiyero yesimba rinotamisa kuburikidza nekupisa uye kuburikidza nebasa. Ona mufananidzo 6.
Tichifunga kuti simba rinofungidzirwa mune iri simba chiyero iine simba reinetic, simba rinobatika uye simba remukati [1], iro gadziriro yesimba yemasisitimu akavharwa inosara sezviri kuratidzwa mumufananidzo 7.
- (ec) Kinetic simba, nekuda kwekufamba kwemuviri;
- (ep) Simba Rine Simba, nekuda kwechinzvimbo chemuviri mumunda wegiravhiti;
- (OR) Simba remukati, nekuda kwekupa microscopic mipiro yekinetic uye ingangoita simba remamorekuru emukati emuviri.
Exercise 1.
Chinhu chakavharirwa chine chinhu, chine simba rekutanga re10 kJ. Icho chinhu chinomutswa ne propeller inoita 500 J inoshanda, nepo sosi yekupisa ichiendesa 20 kJ yekupisa kune chinhu. Uye zvakare, 3kJ yekupisa inosunungurwa mumhepo panguva yekuita. Sarudza simba rekupedzisira rechinhu chacho. Ona mufananidzo 8.
Solution:
Mumufananidzo 9 unogona kuona kupisa kwakawedzerwa nechinopisa, icho chinonzi "chakanaka" sezvo ichiwedzera simba rechinhu, kupisa kwakaburitswa mumhepo, kwakashata sezvo kuchideredza simba rechinhu, uye basa repepuru, iro rakawedzera simba rakatora chiratidzo chakanaka.
Mumufananidzo 10 chiyero chesimba chinoratidzwa, zvinoenderana nemutemo wekutanga we thermodynamics uye simba rekupedzisira rezvinhu rinowanikwa.
Mutemo wechipiri we thermodynamics
Pane zvirevo zvakati wandei zvemutemo wechipiri we thermodynamics: Chirevo chaPlanck-Kelvin, Clausius, Carnot. Imwe neimwe yadzo inoratidza chakasiyana chikamu chemutemo wechipiri. Muzhinji mutemo wechipiri we thermodynamics unoisa kumashure:
- Iwo mafambiro ethermodynamic maitiro, asingachinjiki echimiro zviitiko.
- Iko kushanda kwemuchina wekushisa.
- Pinda chivakwa "entropy".
Direction yeiyo thermodynamic maitiro:
Zvingangoitika zvega mune zvakasikwa, simba rinoyerera kana kutamisirwa kubva kune yepamusoro simba nyika kune yakaderera simba nyika. Kupisa kunoyerera kubva pamiviri inopisa kusvika kune inotonhorera miviri uye kwete imwe nzira yakatenderedza. Ona mufananidzo 11.
Kubudirira kana kupisa kushanda:
Zvinoenderana nemutemo wekutanga we thermodynamics, simba harigadzirwe kana kuparadzwa, asi rinogona kushandurwa kana kuendeswa. Asi mune ese simba rekuchinjisa kana shanduko huwandu hwayo haubatsire kuita basa. Sezvo simba richiendeswa kana kushandurwa, chikamu chesimba rekutanga chinoburitswa sesimba rinopisa: simba rinodzikira, rinorasikirwa nehunhu.
Mune chero shanduko yesimba, huwandu hwesimba rinowanikwa rinogara riri shoma pane iro simba rinopihwa. Thermal kunyatsoshanda ndiyo huwandu hwekupisa kubva kune sosi iyo inoshandurwa kuita basa, chiyero pakati pesimba rinobatsira rakawanikwa uye simba rinowanikwa mukushandurwa. Ona mufananidzo 12.
Thermal Machine kana Muchina Unodziya:
Iyo tembiricha muchina mudziyo unoshandura zvishoma kupisa kuita basa kana mehendi simba, nekuti izvi zvinoda sosi inopa kupisa pakupisa kwakanyanya.
Mumachina anopisa chinhu chakadai semhute yemvura, mweya kana mafuta anoshandiswa. Chinhu chacho chinoitika shanduko inoteedzana yema thermodynamic munzira yakatenderedza, kuti muchina ugone kushanda uchienderera.
Exercise 2.
Injini yemotokari inotakura zvinhu inoburitsa kupisa mumoto nekupisa peturu. Kune yega yega kutenderera kweinjini, kupisa kwe5 kJ kunoshandurwa kuita 1kJ yemuchina basa. Chii chiri kushanda kwemotokari? Inguvai kupisa kwakaburitswa yega yega kutenderera kweinjini? Ona mufananidzo 13
Solution:
Kuti uone kupisa kwakaburitswa, zvinofungidzirwa kuti mumuchina wekupisa iyo mambure basa rakaenzana neiyo net kupisa kupisa kune iyo system. Ona mufananidzo 14.
Entropy:
Entropy iri iro danho rekusarongeka kana kusagadzikana mune system. Entropy inoita kuti zvikwanise kuyera chikamu chesimba risingakwanise kushandiswa kugadzira basa, ndokuti, zvinoita kuti zviverengere kusagadziriswa kweiyo thermodynamic maitiro.
Shanduko yega yega yesimba inoitika inowedzera iyo entropy yezvose uye inoderedza huwandu hwesimba rinoshandiswa rinowanikwa kuita basa. Chero ipi thermodynamic maitiro anoenderera mberi munzira inowedzera iyo yakazara entropy yezvose. Ona mufananidzo 15.
3rd Mutemo weThermodynamics
Mutemo wechitatu weThermodynamics kana Nerst Postulate
Mutemo wechitatu we thermodynamics une chekuita nekupisa uye kutonhora. Inotaura kuti entropy yesystem pane mhedzisiro zero inogara iri nguva dzose. Ona mufananidzo 16.
Zero chairo ndiyo tembiricha yakadzikira pazasi pasisina chiyero chakadzika, ndiyo inotonhora kwazvo inogona kuve muviri. Zero chaiyo ndi 0 K, yakaenzana ne -273,15 ºC.
Mhedziso
Kune mana maitiro e thermodynamic. Mune zero zero inosimbiswa kuti huni hwekupisa hunoitika kana miviri kana yakawanda miviri iri patembiricha imwechete.
Mutemo wekutanga we thermodynamics unobata nekuchengetedzwa kwesimba pakati pezvakaitwa, nepo mutemo wechipiri we thermodynamics uchibata nezve hutungamiriri kubva kune wakadzika kusvika kumusoro entropy, uye kugona kana kushanda kweinjini dzinopisa kupisa kuita basa.
Mutemo wechitatu we thermodynamics une chekuita nekupisa uye kutonhora, inotaura kuti entropy yehurongwa pazere zero inogara iri nguva dzose.