Kunzwisisa Mutemo Wezvinhu Zvese Giravhiti
Kutenda kuongororo dzemasayendisiti, zvave zvichikwanisika kuti unzwisise zviitiko zvechisikirwo, uye nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji pamusoro pemakore. Newton, zvichibva pakudzidza kwaGalileo kwemitemo inodzora maficha epasi, uye ongororo dzaKepler dzemitemo yekufamba kwemapuraneti mune rezuva, anopedzisa kuti simba rinodiwa kuchengetedza nyika mukutenderera rinobva pane vanhu uye daro rekuparadzanisa. Mutemo wekukwevera pasi wese, wakaburitswa muna 1687 naIsaac Newton, unobvumidza kuona simba rinokwezva zvinhu zviviri zvine huremu, zvichinyanya kubatsira mukudzidza kwenzira dzema comet, kuwanikwa kwemamwe mapuraneti, mafungu, kufamba satellites, pakati pezvimwe zviitiko.
Basic Concepts kuti unzwisise "Mutemo weUse Giravhiti"
Tinokukoka iwe kuti uone iyo chinyorwa Newton-Mitemo-nyore-kunzwisisa
Centripetal simba:
Simba rinomanikidza nharembozha kukotamisa nzira yaro ichiita kuti itsanangure kutenderera kwakatenderera. Iko centripetal simba rinoshanda pane muviri wakanangiswa wakanangana nepakati penzira yakatenderera. Muviri unowana centripetal yekumhanyisa kubvira iyo velocity, yekugara modulus, inoshandura mafambiro painofamba. Ona mufananidzo 1.
Centripetal simba rinogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa mutemo wechipiri waNewton [1], uko centripetal kumhanyisa kunogona kuratidzwa sekushanda kweiyo angular velocity, linear velocity, kana sebasa renguva yemuviri mukutenderera tenderera. Ona mufananidzo 2.
[adinserter zita = "Bhara 1 ″]
Mitemo yaKepler
Nyanzvi yezvemuchadenga Johannes Kepler akatsanangura kufamba kwemapuraneti ezuva, kuburikidza nemitemo mitatu: mutemo wenzvimbo, nzvimbo nenzvimbo. [piri].
Mutemo wekutanga waKepler, kana mutemo wenzira:
Mapuraneti ese ari muchikamu chezuva anotenderera zuva mune elliptical orbit. Zuva riri mune rimwe remativi maviri eiyo ellipse. Ona mufananidzo 3.
Mutemo wechipiri waKepler, kana mutemo wenzvimbo:
Radiyo iyo inosangana nenyika kuzuva inotsanangura nzvimbo dzakaenzana munguva dzakaenzana. Iyo (inofungidzira) mutsetse unoenda kubva kuzuva kuenda kupuraneti, unotsvaira nzvimbo dzakaenzana munguva dzakaenzana; ndiko kuti, mwero unoshanduka nharaunda unogara uripo. Ona mufananidzo 4.
Mutemo wechitatu waKepler, kana mutemo wenguva:
Kune mapuraneti ese, hukama uripo pakati pekiyubhu yeiyo nharaunda yekutenderera nekwere yenguva yayo inogara iripo. Iyo huru axis ye ellipse cubed uye yakakamurwa nenguva (nguva yekuita shanduko yakazara), yakafanana nguva dzose kune akasiyana mapuraneti. Iyo kinetic simba repasi inoderera sekusiyana kwedaro rayo kubva kuzuva. Ona mufananidzo 5.
Mutemo weGlobal Gravitation
Mutemo wekukweva pasi, wakatsikiswa muna 1687 naIsaac Newton, unotibvumidza kuona simba rinokwezva zvinhu zviviri zvine huremu. Newton akagumisa kuti:
- Mitezo inokwezva neicho chokwadi chekuti kuva nemass.
- Simba rekukwezva pakati pemitumbi rinoonekwa chete kana imwe yemitumbi iri kubatana yakakura kwazvo, kunge nyika.
- Pane kudyidzana nechekure, nekudaro, hazvidi kuti mitumbi iratidzane nesimba rinokwezva kuti riite.
- Iko kudyidzana kwekudyidzana pakati pemiviri miviri kunogara kuchizviratidza semaviri emauto akaenzana munzira uye modulus, asi nenzira yakatarisana.
Chirevo cheMutemo weGavhuna Yese
Simba rekukwezva pakati pevanhu vaviri rakanangana zvakananga nechigadzirwa chevazhinji uye zvakapesana zvakaenzana nekwere yedaro rinovaparadzanisa. Simba rekukwezva rine gwara rinoenderana nemutsara unobatana navo [3]. Ona mufananidzo 6.
Iyo inogara yakaenzana G pakati pehuwandu hwunozivikanwa seyepasirese kugara kwekukweva. Mune yepasi rese system yakaenzana ne:
Exercise 1. Sarudza simba rinoshandiswa nemitumbi iri mumufananidzo 7.
Solution
Mumufananidzo 8 pane miviri miviri ine mhodzi m1 = 1000 kg uye m2 = 80 kg, yakaparadzaniswa nedaro remamita maviri. Kushandisa mutemo wepasirese wemagetsi, simba rekukwezva pakati pavo rinogona kutsanangurwa, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 2.
Kubviswa kweMutemo weGavhuna Yese
Kutanga kubva pamutemo wechitatu waKepler uyo unoratidzira nharaunda nenguva yepasi rinotenderera, iyo centripetal yekumhanyisa inosangana nepasi inopesana zvakaenzana kune iyo nharaunda yeiyo nharaunda yekutenderera kwayo. Kuti uwane simba repakati rinoita pasi, mutemo wechipiri waNewton [] unoshandiswa, tichifunga nezve centripetal kumhanyisa kwainowana, inoratidzwa sebasa renguva. Ona mufananidzo 9.
Iko kukosha kwechengetedzwa kwepasirese kwekukweva pasi kwakatemwa naHenry Cavendish makore mazhinji mushure murawo wemutemo wekukweva pasi waNewton. Iyo inogara iri G inonzi "yepasirese" sezvo kukosha kwayo kwakaenzana mune chero chikamu chechinhu chinozivikanwa pasi rose, uye yakazvimirira kune nharaunda mune izvo zvinhu zvinowanikwa.
Exercise 2. Sarudza huwandu hwepasi, uchiziva kuti nharaunda iri 6380 km
Solution
Mitumbi iri pamusoro penyika inokwezva yakanangana nepakati payo, iri simba rinozivikanwa sehuremu hwemuviri (simba iro Nyika rinorikwezva). Kune rimwe divi, mutemo wechipiri waNewton unogona kuiswa nekuratidzira huremu hwemuviri sechinhu chegiravhiti, saka hure hwepasi hunogona kuwanikwa, inozivikanwa nharaunda. Ona mufananidzo 11.
Kushandiswa kwemutemo wepasi rose
Mutemo wekukwevera pasi wese unobatsira kutsanangura kutenderera kwemakometi, kuwanikwa kwemamwe mapuraneti, mafungu, kufamba kwema satellite, pakati pezvimwe zviitiko.
Mitemo yaNewton inozadziswa chaizvo, pazvinoonekwa kuti imwe nyeredzi haiteedzere imhaka yekuti imwe nyeredzi isingaonekwe inokanganisa kufamba, nekudaro kuvepo kwemapuraneti kwakawanikwa kubva mukukanganisa kwavanogadzira munzira dzepuraneti dzinozivikanwa.
Satellites:
Setiraiti chinhu chinotenderera chakatenderedza chimwe chinhu chakakura kukura uye chinokwezva munda, semuenzaniso, iwe une mwedzi, iyo yakasarudzika satellite yenyika. Setiraiti inosangana necentripetal kumhanyisa nekuti inoiswa pasimba rinokwezva mumunda wegiravhiti.
Exercise 3. Sarudza kumhanya kwesatellite inotenderera pasi pa6870 km kubva pakati penyika. Ona mufananidzo 12
Solution
Masateti ekugadzira anochengetwa munzira yekutenderera Nyika nekuda kwesimba rekukwezva iro rinoitwa neNyika pairi. Uchishandisa mutemo wepasirese wekukweva pasi uye mutemo wechipiri waNewton, kumhanya kwesataneti kunogona kutsanangurwa. Ona mufananidzo 13.
CONCLUSIONS
Chinhu chega chega chinokwezva chero chinhu chipi zvacho nechisimba zvine simba zvakaenzana kune zvakagadzirwa neruzhinji rwevose uye zvakapesana zvakaenzana kudivi redaro rinozviparadzanisa.
Iko kudyidzana kwekudyidzana pakati pemiviri miviri kunogara kuchizviratidza semaviri emauto akaenzana munzira uye modulus, asi nenzira yakatarisana.
Mutemo waNewton wegiravhiti wepasirese unotibvumidza kuona simba rine zvinhu zviviri zvine hura zvinokwezva, tichiziva kuti simba rekukwezva pakati pevanhu vaviri rakanangana zvakananga nechigadzirwa chevazhinji uye zvakapesana zvakaenzana nekwere yedaro rinovaparadzanisa .