Kumvetsetsa Lamulo la Mphamvu Zachilengedwe Zonse
Chifukwa cha maphunziro a asayansi, zakhala zotheka kumvetsetsa zochitika zachilengedwe, ndikupita patsogolo ukadaulo pazaka zambiri. Newton, potengera zomwe Galileo adachita pofufuza malamulo oyendetsa ma projectiles Padziko Lapansi, komanso kafukufuku wa Kepler wamalamulo oyenda a mapulaneti azungulira dzuwa, akumaliza kunena kuti mphamvu yofunikira kuti dziko lizungulira mozungulira imadalira unyinji ndi kupatukana mtunda. Lamulo la kukoka kwa chilengedwe chonse, lofalitsidwa mu 1687 ndi Isaac Newton, limatilola kudziwa mphamvu zomwe zinthu ziwiri zimakopeka ndi misa, zothandiza kwambiri pophunzira mayendedwe a ma comets, kupezeka kwa mapulaneti ena, mafunde, mayendedwe a ma satelayiti, mwa zina.
Mfundo zoyambirira kuti mumvetsetse "Law of Universal Gravitation"
Tikukupemphani kuti muwone nkhaniyi Malamulo a Newton-osavuta kumva
Mphamvu ya Centripetal:
Limbikitsani omwe amayendetsa mafoni kuti apindule njira yawo kuti afotokozere zoyenda mozungulira. Mphamvu ya centripetal imagwira thupi lolunjika pakatikati pa njira yozungulira. Thupi limakumana ndi kuthamanga kwa centripetal momwe kuthamanga, kosalekeza modulus, kumasinthira mayendedwe ake akamayenda. Onani chithunzi 1.
Mphamvu ya Centripetal imatha kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo lachiwiri la Newton [1], pomwe kufulumizitsa kwa centripetal kumatha kufotokozedwa ngati ntchito ya ma velocity ang'onoang'ono, othamanga kwambiri, kapena ngati gawo la nthawi yoyenda mozungulira. Onani chithunzi 2.
[dzina la adinserter = "Dulani 1 ″]
Malamulo a Kepler
Katswiri wa zakuthambo a Johannes Kepler adalongosola kayendedwe ka mapulaneti azungulira dzuwa, pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo atatu: lamulo lazungulira, madera ndi nyengo. [awiri].
Lamulo loyamba la Kepler, kapena lamulo lazoyenda:
mapulaneti onse ozungulira dzuwa amazungulira dzuwa mozungulira mozungulira ngati elliptical. Dzuwa lili chimodzi mwazinthu ziwiri zakuthambo. Onani chithunzi 3.
Lamulo lachiwiri la Kepler, kapena lamulo la madera:
Radiyo yomwe imagwirizanitsa pulaneti ndi dzuwa imalongosola malo ofanana munthawi yofanana. Mzere (wongoyerekeza) womwe umachokera padzuwa kupita ku pulaneti, ukusesa madera ofanana munthawi zofananira; ndiye kuti, momwe dera limasinthira nthawi zonse. Onani chithunzi 4.
Lamulo lachitatu la Kepler, kapena lamulo la nthawi:
Kwa mapulaneti onse, ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kiyubiki ya radius of the orbit ndi lalikulu la nthawi yake ndiwokhazikika. Mzere waukulu wa ellipse cubed ndikugawidwa ndi nthawi (nthawi yopanga kusintha kwathunthu), ndi chimodzimodzi nthawi zonse pamapulaneti osiyanasiyana. Mphamvu zakuthambo za dziko lapansi zimachepa chifukwa cha kutalika kwa dzuwa ndi dzuwa. Onani chithunzi 5.
Lamulo la Kukoka Kwachilengedwe
Lamulo la mphamvu yokoka ya chilengedwe chonse, lofalitsidwa mu 1687 ndi Isaac Newton, limatilola kudziwa mphamvu yomwe zinthu ziwiri zazikulu zimakopeka. Newton anamaliza kuti:
- Matupi amakopeka ndikungokhala ndi misa.
- Mphamvu yokopa pakati pa matupi imangowonekera pokhapokha ngati imodzi mwamagulu olumikizana ikukula kwambiri, ngati pulaneti.
- Pali kulumikizana patali, chifukwa chake, sikofunikira kuti matupi azilumikizana ndi mphamvu yokopa kuti ichite.
- Kuyanjana kwamphamvu pakati pa matupi awiri nthawi zonse kumadziwonetsera ngati magulu awiri ofanana olowera kolowera ndi modulus, koma mbali inayo.
Statement of the Law of Universal Gravitation
Mphamvu yokopa pakati pa magulu awiri ndiyolingana molingana ndi zopangidwa ndi unyinji ndipo ikufanana molingana ndi bwalo lakutali lomwe limawalekanitsa. Mphamvu yokopa ili ndi njira yomwe imagwirizana ndi mzere womwe umalumikizana nawo [3]. Onani chithunzi 6.
Kukula kwanthawi zonse pakati pa kuchuluka kwake kumadziwika kuti mphamvu yokoka ya chilengedwe chonse. M'dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi ndilofanana ndi:
Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi 1. Sankhani mphamvu yomwe matupi omwe ali pachithunzi 7 amakopeka ndi zingalowe.
Solution
Chithunzi 8 pali matupi awiri okhala ndi misa m1 = 1000 kg ndi m2 = 80 kg, olekanitsidwa ndi mtunda wa 2 mita. Kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lachilengedwe la mphamvu yokoka, mphamvu yokopa pakati pawo itha kutsimikizika, monga zikuwonetsedwa pa chithunzi 8.
Kuchotsedwa kwa Lamulo la Kukoka Kwachilengedwe
Kuyambira pa lamulo lachitatu la Kepler lomwe limakhudzana ndi utali wozungulira mpaka nthawi yadziko lapansi, kuthamanga kwa centripetal komwe dziko limakumana nako ndikofanana mofanana ndi malo ozungulira njira yake. Kuti tipeze mphamvu ya centripetal yomwe imagwira ntchito padziko lapansi, lamulo lachiwiri la Newton [] limagwiritsidwa ntchito, poganizira momwe kuthamanga kwa centripetal kumachitikira, komwe kumafotokozedwa ngati ntchito ya nthawiyo. Onani chithunzi 9.
Mtengo wa mphamvu yokoka wa chilengedwe chonse udatsimikiziridwa ndi Henry Cavendish patadutsa zaka zambiri lamulo la mphamvu yokoka la Newton litakhazikitsidwa. Nthawi zonse G imawerengedwa kuti "yachilengedwe chonse" popeza kufunika kwake ndikofanana m'mbali iliyonse yachilengedwe, ndipo sikuyimira chilengedwe chomwe zinthuzo zimapezeka.
Zochita 2. Dziwani kuchuluka kwa dziko lapansi, podziwa kuti utaliwu ndi 6380 km
Solution
Matupi omwe ali pamwamba pa dziko lapansi amakopeka ndikatikati, mphamvu iyi imadziwika kuti kulemera kwa thupi (mphamvu yomwe Dziko limakopa). Kumbali inayi, lamulo lachiwiri la Newton litha kugwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza kulemera kwa thupi ngati mphamvu yokoka, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa Dziko Lapansi, kotchedwa radius yake, kumatha kupezeka. Onani chithunzi 11.
Kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lakukoka kwa chilengedwe
Lamulo la kukoka kwa chilengedwe ndilothandiza kufotokozera kayendedwe ka ma comets, kupezeka kwa mapulaneti ena, mafunde, mayendedwe a ma satelayiti, mwa zina.
Malamulo a Newton amakwaniritsidwa ndendende, zikawonetsedwa kuti nyenyezi ina siyikutsatira ndichifukwa chakuti nyenyezi ina yosawoneka imasokoneza mayendedwe, motero kukhalapo kwa mapulaneti kwapezeka chifukwa cha kusokonekera komwe kumatulutsa mozungulira mapulaneti odziwika.
Ma satelayiti:
Satelayiti ndi chinthu chomwe chimazungulira chinthu china chachikulu ndi mphamvu yokoka, mwachitsanzo, muli ndi mwezi, satellite yachilengedwe ya Earth. Kanema wa satellite amakumana ndi kuthamanga kwa centripetal chifukwa amakhala ndi mphamvu yokoka.
Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi 3. Dziwani kuthamanga kwa satellite yomwe ikuzungulira dziko pamtunda wa 6870 km kuchokera pakatikati pa dziko lapansi. Onani chithunzi 12
Solution
Ma satelayiti opangira amasungidwa mozungulira dziko lapansi chifukwa cha mphamvu yokopa yomwe Dziko limapanganso. Pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo lachilengedwe la mphamvu yokoka ndi lamulo lachiwiri la Newton, kuthamanga kwa satellite kumatha kudziwika. Onani chithunzi 13.
MAFUNSO
Tinthu tina tonse timakopa tinthu tina ting'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi mphamvu yolingana ndi zotulukapo za unyinji wa onsewo molingana ndi bwalo lakutali lomwe limawalekanitsa.
Kuyanjana kwamphamvu pakati pa matupi awiri nthawi zonse kumadziwonetsera ngati magulu awiri ofanana olowera kolowera ndi modulus, koma mbali inayo.
Lamulo la Newton la mphamvu yokoka ya padziko lonse lapansi limatilola kudziwa mphamvu yomwe zinthu ziwiri zokhala ndi misa zimakopeka, podziwa kuti mphamvu yokopa pakati pa magulu awiriwa ndiyofanana ndendende ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ndipo ndiyofanana ndendende ndi kutalika kwa mtunda womwe umawalekanitsa .