Mfundo za Thermodynamic
Kuti mumvetsetse, m'njira yosavuta, dziko lonse lapansi la Thermodynamics, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tidutsane pang'onopang'ono ndikuwunikanso mawu oyambira, mawu oyambira a thermodynamic, ndikuwerenga mozama malamulo a thermodynamic, momwe amawonetsedwa mwa masamu. ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Ndi malamulo anayi a thermodynamics (zero lamulo, lamulo loyamba, lachiwiri ndi lachitatu), amafotokozedwa momwe kusamutsira ndikusintha kwa mphamvu pakati pama kachitidwe osiyanasiyana kumagwira ntchito; kukhala maziko omvetsetsa zochitika zambiri zakuthupi zachilengedwe.
Kuunikiranso kwamalingaliro oyambira
Tikukupemphani kuti muwone nkhaniyi THERMODYNAMICS, ndi chiyani ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake
Mutha kuwonjezera izi ndi nkhaniyi Mphamvu ya Chilamulo cha Watt (Mapulogalamu - Zochita) Kwa tsopano TIKUTSATIRA ...
Mitundu yamagetsi
Mphamvu, katundu wa matupi kuti adzisinthe mwa kusintha momwe zinthu zilili kapena boma, zimabwera m'njira zambiri, monga mphamvu zakuthupi, mphamvu zotheka ndi mphamvu zamkati zamatupi. Onani chithunzi 1.
Ntchito
Ndizopangidwa ndi mphamvu ndi kusamutsidwa, zonse zimayezedwa mbali yomweyo. Kuwerengetsa ntchitoyi, chigawo cha mphamvu chomwe chikufanana ndi kusamutsidwa kwa chinthucho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ntchito imayesedwa mu Nm, Joule (J), ft. Lb-f, kapena BTU. Onani chithunzi 2.
Kutentha (Q)
Kutumiza kwa mphamvu yamafuta pakati pa matupi awiri omwe ali otentha mosiyanasiyana, ndipo kumangochitika munthawi yakuti kutentha kumachepa. Kutentha kumayeza mu Joule, BTU, mapaundi-mapazi, kapena ma calories. Onani chithunzi 3.
Mfundo za Thermodynamic
Zero Law - Zero Mfundo
Lamulo la zero la thermodynamics limanena kuti ngati zinthu ziwiri, A ndi B, ndizofanana, ndipo chinthu A chimayenderana ndi chinthu chachitatu C, ndiye kuti chinthu B chimakhala cholingana ndi chinthu C. Chofanana cha Thermal chimachitika pamene matupi awiri kapena kupitilira apo amakhala otentha chimodzimodzi. Onani chithunzi 4.
Lamuloli limawerengedwa kuti ndi lamulo loyambira la thermodynamics. Idalembedwa kuti "Zero Law" mu 1935, popeza idasinthidwa pambuyo poti lamulo loyamba ndi lachiwiri la thermodynamics lipangidwe.
Lamulo la 1 la Thermodynamics (Mfundo yosungira mphamvu)
Ndemanga ya Lamulo Loyamba la Thermodynamics:
Lamulo loyamba la thermodynamics, lotchedwanso mfundo yosungira mphamvu, limanena kuti mphamvu siyimapangidwa kapena kuwonongedwa, imangosinthidwa kukhala mtundu wina wa mphamvu, kapena imasamutsidwa kuchoka pachinthu china kupita china. Chifukwa chake mphamvu zonse mlengalenga sizisintha.
Lamulo loyamba limakwaniritsidwa mu "chilichonse", mphamvu imasinthidwa ndikusinthidwa mosalekeza, mwachitsanzo, pazinthu zina zamagetsi, monga zosakaniza ndi zophatikizira, mphamvu zamagetsi zimasandulika kukhala mphamvu yamakina ndi yotentha, m'thupi la munthu amasandulika mankhwala mphamvu ya chakudya chomwe chimalowetsedwa mu mphamvu zamagetsi thupi likamayenda, kapena zitsanzo zina monga zomwe zawonetsedwa chithunzi 5.
Mgwirizano wa Lamulo Loyamba la Thermodynamics:
Kulinganiza kwa lamulo loyambalo mkati mwa mfundo za thermodynamic kumafotokoza bwino momwe ziyenera kukhalira pakati pa mitundu yamagetsi panjira yapadera. Popeza, m'makina otsekedwa [1], kusinthana kwa mphamvu kumatha kuperekedwa kokha ndi kusamutsa kutentha, kapena ndi ntchito yomwe yachitika (mwa dongosolo kapena), zimatsimikizika kuti kusiyanasiyana kwa mphamvu kachitidwe ndikofanana ndi kuchuluka Mphamvu zimasunthira kudzera kutentha komanso ntchito. Onani chithunzi 6.
Poganizira kuti mphamvu zomwe zimawerengedwa mu mphamvuyi ndi mphamvu zamagetsi, mphamvu zomwe zingagwire ntchito komanso mphamvu zamkati [1], mphamvu yamagetsi yotsekedwa imatsalira monga akuwonetsera chithunzi 7.
- (EC) Mphamvu zamagetsi, chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa thupi;
- (ep) Mphamvu Zotheka, chifukwa cha malo omwe thupi lili ndi mphamvu yokoka;
- (KAPENA) Mphamvu zamkati, chifukwa cha zopereka zazing'onozing'ono zamphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zamkati mwa thupi.
Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi 1.
Chidebe chomata chimakhala ndi chinthu, ndimphamvu yoyambirira ya 10 kJ. Katunduyu amasunthidwa ndi chotengera chomwe chimagwira ntchito 500 J, pomwe gwero lotentha limasamutsa kutentha kwa 20 kJ kupita ku chinthucho. Kuphatikiza apo, 3kJ ya kutentha imatulutsidwa mlengalenga panthawiyi. Sankhani mphamvu yomaliza ya chinthucho. Onani chithunzi 8.
Yankho:
Pazithunzi 9 mutha kuwona kutentha komwe kumawonjezeredwa ndi komwe kumachokera kutentha, komwe kumawoneka kuti ndi "kwabwino" popeza kumawonjezera mphamvu ya chinthucho, kutentha komwe kumatulutsidwa mlengalenga, zoipa chifukwa kumachepetsa mphamvu ya chinthucho, ndi ntchito ya zoyendetsa, zomwe zidakulitsa mphamvu zidatenga chizindikiro.
Pazithunzi 10 mphamvu yamagetsi imaperekedwa, malinga ndi lamulo loyamba la thermodynamics ndipo mphamvu yomaliza ya chinthucho imapezeka.
Lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics
Pali ziganizo zingapo za lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics: Statement ya Planck-Kelvin, Clausius, Carnot. Iliyonse ya iwo ikuwonetsa gawo losiyana la lamulo lachiwiri. Mwambiri lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics limakhazikitsa:
- Malangizo a njira zamagetsi, osasinthika mwazinthu zakuthupi.
- Kuchita bwino kwa makina otentha.
- Lowetsani malo "entropy".
Kuwongolera njira zamagetsi:
Mwachilengedwe, mphamvu imayenda kapena kusamutsidwa kuchoka kumtunda wapamwamba kupita ku mphamvu yotsika kwambiri. Kutentha kumayenda kuchokera kumatupi otentha kupita kumatupi ozizira osati kwina kulikonse. Onani chithunzi 11.
Kuchita bwino kapena kutentha:
Malinga ndi lamulo loyamba la thermodynamics, mphamvu siyapangidwa kapena kuwonongedwa, koma imatha kusinthidwa kapena kusamutsidwa. Koma pakusintha konse mphamvu kapena kusintha kwina kuchuluka kwake sikothandiza kuchita ntchito. Mphamvu zikasamutsidwa kapena kusandulika, gawo lina lamagetsi loyambirira limatulutsidwa ngati mphamvu yamphamvu: mphamvu zowonongera, zimatayika.
Mukusintha kwamphamvu kulikonse, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe mumapeza nthawi zonse zimakhala zochepa kuposa zomwe zimaperekedwa. Kutentha kwa matenthedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe kumachokera ku gwero komwe kumasandulika kukhala ntchito, kuchuluka pakati pa mphamvu zopezeka ndi mphamvu zoperekedwa posintha. Onani chithunzi 12.
Matenthedwe Machine kapena Kutentha Machine:
Makina otentha ndi chida chomwe chimasinthira pang'ono kutentha kukhala ntchito kapena mphamvu yamagetsi, chifukwa izi zimafunikira gwero lomwe limapatsa kutentha kutentha kwambiri.
M'makina otentha amagwiritsa ntchito chinthu monga nthunzi yamadzi, mpweya kapena mafuta. Zomwe zimapangidwazo zimasinthidwa mosiyanasiyana mozungulira, kuti makina azigwira ntchito mosalekeza.
Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi 2.
Injini ya galimoto yonyamula katundu imatulutsa kutentha poyaka mafuta. Pa kayendedwe kalikonse ka injini, kutentha kwa 5 kJ kumasandulika 1kJ wa ntchito yamakina. Kodi kuyendetsa galimoto ndi kotani? Ndi kutentha kotani komwe kumatulutsidwa pakuzungulira kwa injini? Onani chithunzi 13
Yankho:
Kuti mudziwe kutentha komwe kwatulutsidwa, zimaganiziridwa kuti pamakina otentha ukondewo umagwiranso ntchito potengera kutentha kwaukadaulo kwadongosolo. Onani chithunzi 14.
Entropy:
Entropy ndiye kuchuluka kwa kusakhazikika kapena kusokonezeka m'dongosolo. Entropy imalola kuwerengera gawo lamphamvu lomwe silingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga ntchito, ndiye kuti, limalola kuwerengera kusasinthika kwa njira ya thermodynamic.
Kutumiza kulikonse kwamphamvu komwe kumachitika kumawonjezera kukula kwa chilengedwe ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito zogwirira ntchito. Njira iliyonse yama thermodynamic ipitilira njira yomwe imakulitsa chilengedwe chonse. Onani chithunzi 15.
Lamulo lachitatu la Thermodynamics
Lamulo lachitatu la Thermodynamics kapena Nerst Postulate
Lamulo lachitatu la thermodynamics limakhudzana ndi kutentha ndi kuzizira. Imanena kuti entropy ya dongosolo pazero mtheradi ndiyokhazikika nthawi zonse. Onani chithunzi 16.
Mtheradi ziro ndiye kutentha kotsika kwambiri pansipa komwe kulibenso gawo lotsika, ndikozizira kwambiri komwe thupi lingakhale. Zero wathunthu ndi 0 K, wofanana ndi -273,15 ºC.
Pomaliza
Pali mfundo zinayi zamagetsi. Munthawi ya zero zimadziwika kuti kufanana kwamafuta kumachitika matupi awiri kapena kupitilira apo amakhala otentha chimodzimodzi.
Lamulo loyamba la thermodynamics limafotokoza za kusamala kwa mphamvu pakati pa njira, pomwe lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics limayang'ana mbali kuchokera kutsika mpaka kutsika kwambiri, komanso magwiridwe antchito amagetsi otentha omwe amasintha kutentha kukhala ntchito.
Lamulo lachitatu la thermodynamics limakhudzana ndi kutentha ndi kuzizira, limanena kuti entropy ya dongosolo pazero mtheradi ndiyokhazikika nthawi zonse.