Ka'idojin Thermodynamic

Don fahimta, a cikin hanya mai sauƙi, dunƙƙƙƙƙƙƙiyawar duniya na Thermodynamics, ana ba da shawarar a bi mataki zuwa mataki fara da nazarin mahimman bayanai, gabatarwa ga ƙa'idodin thermodynamic, sannan a zurfafa nazarin dokokin thermodynamic, yadda ana bayyana shi ta lissafi da kuma aikace-aikacen sa.

Tare da dokoki huɗu na thermodynamics (dokar sifiri, doka ta farko, doka ta biyu da doka ta uku), an bayyana yadda jujjuyawar da canzawar makamashi tsakanin tsarin daban-daban ke aiki; kasancewarta tushen fahimtar abubuwa da yawa na halittu masu rai.

Binciken mahimman bayanai

Muna gayyatarku ku ga labarin THERMODYNAMICS, menene shi da aikace-aikacen sa

Kuna iya haɓaka wannan bayanin tare da labarin Lawarfin Watt's Law (Aikace-aikace - Motsa jiki) Don yanzu MU BI

Siffofin makamashi

Makamashi, kayan jikin ne don canza kansu ta hanyar canza yanayin su ko jihar su, ya zo ta fuskoki da yawa, kamar su kuzarin kuzari, kuzari mai yuwuwa da kuzarin cikin jiki. Duba hoto na 1.

Aiki

Samfurin ƙarfi ne da ƙaura, duk an auna su a cikin hanya ɗaya. Don ƙididdige aikin, ana amfani da ɓangaren ƙarfin da yake daidai da ƙaurawar abin. Ana auna aiki a cikin Nm, Joule (J), ft.lb-f, ko BTU. Duba hoto na 2.

Heat (Q)

Canja wurin kuzarin wutar tsakanin jikin mutum biyu wadanda suke a yanayin zafi daban-daban, kuma hakan yana faruwa ne kawai ta yadda zafin yake raguwa. Ana auna zafi a cikin Joule, BTU, ƙafa-ƙafa, ko a cikin adadin kuzari. Duba hoto na 3.

Ka'idojin Thermodynamic

Dokar Zero - Ka'idar Zero

Dokar sifili ta thermodynamics ta ce idan abubuwa biyu, A da B, suna cikin daidaituwar yanayin zafi da juna, kuma abu A yana daidai da na uku C, to abu B yana cikin daidaitaccen yanayin zafi da abu C. Auna ma'aunin zafi yana faruwa lokacin da jikuna biyu ko sama da haka suke a yanayi guda daya. Duba hoto na 4.

Wannan doka ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ƙa'idar doka ta thermodynamics. An sanya shi a matsayin "Zero Law" a cikin 1935, tunda an sanya shi bayan an sanya dokokin na farko da na biyu na thermodynamics.

1st Dokar Thermodynamics (Ka'idar kiyaye makamashi)

Bayanin Dokar Farko ta Thermodynamics:

Dokar farko ta thermodynamics, wacce aka fi sani da ka'idar adana makamashi, ta bayyana cewa makamashi ba halitta ko lalacewa bane, kawai ana canza shi ne zuwa wani nau'in makamashi, ko kuma ana canza shi daga wani abu zuwa wani. Don haka yawan adadin kuzari a duniya bai canza ba.

Doka ta farko ta cika a cikin “komai”, ana canzawa da canzawa gaba gaba, misali, a wasu na'urorin lantarki, kamar masu haɗawa da haɗawa, makamashin lantarki yana canzawa zuwa ƙarfin inji da na thermal, a jikin mutum sun canza sunadarai makamashin abinci wanda aka shigar dashi cikin kuzarin karfi lokacin da jiki yake motsi, ko wasu misalai kamar waɗanda aka nuna a hoto na 5.

Daidaita Dokar Farko ta Thermodynamics:

Daidaitawar dokar farko a cikin ka'idojin thermodynamic tana bayyana daidaiton da dole ne ya wanzu tsakanin nau'ikan makamashi daban-daban a cikin aikin da aka bayar. Tunda, a cikin rufaffiyar tsarin [1], ana iya bada musayar kuzarin ne kawai ta hanyar turawar zafi, ko kuma ta hanyar aikin da aka yi (ta hanyar ko kan tsarin) an tabbatar da cewa bambancin makamashi na tsarin daidai yake da jimillar canja wurin makamashi ta hanyar zafi da kuma ta hanyar aiki. Duba hoto na 6.

La'akari da cewa kuzarin da aka yi la'akari da shi a cikin wannan ma'aunin kuzarin ƙarfin kuzari ne, ƙarfin kuzari da kuzari na ciki [1], daidaitaccen kuzarin tsarin da aka rufe ya kasance kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na 7.

• (ec) Inetarfin makamashi, saboda motsin jiki;
• (ep) M makamashi, saboda matsayin jiki a fagen gravitational;
• (KO) Energyarfin ciki, saboda ba da gudummawar microscopic na motsa jiki da kuma karfin kuzarin kwayoyin halittar ciki.

Darasi na 1.

Akwatin da aka kulle ya ƙunshi abu, tare da ƙarfin farko na 10 kJ. Ana zuga abu tare da abin motsa jiki wanda ke yin aikin 500 J, yayin da tushen zafi ke canza 20 kJ na zafi zuwa abu. Bugu da kari, 3kJ na zafi ana sakashi cikin iska yayin aikin. Ayyade makamashi na ƙarshe na abu. Duba hoto na 8.

Magani:

A cikin hoto na 9 zaka ga zafin da aka samo daga tushen zafi, wanda ake ɗauka "tabbatacce" tunda yana ƙara ƙarfin abu, zafin da ake saki a cikin iska, mara kyau tunda yana rage ƙarfin abu, kuma aikin mai tayar da hankali, wanda ya haɓaka makamashi ya ɗauki alamar tabbatacce.

A cikin hoto na 10 an gabatar da daidaiton makamashi, bisa ga dokar farko ta thermodynamics kuma an sami ƙarfin ƙarshe na abu.

Na biyu dokar thermodynamics

Akwai maganganu da yawa na doka ta biyu game da yanayin zafi: Bayanin Planck-Kelvin, Clausius, Carnot. Kowannensu yana nuna wani bangare daban na doka ta biyu. Gabaɗaya doka ta biyu ta thermodynamics ta buga:

• Hanyar tafiyar matakai na thermodynamic, rashin daidaituwa ga al'amuran jiki.
• Ingancin injunan zafi.
• Shigar da kayan "entropy".

Direction of thermodynamic matakai:

Ba tare da bata lokaci ba a yanayi, makamashi yana gudana ko ana canza shi daga mafi girman yanayin kuzari zuwa mafi karancin yanayin kuzari. Zafi yana gudana daga jikin mai zafi zuwa jikin sanyi ba wata hanyar ba. Duba hoto na 11.

Inganci ko aikin thermal:

Dangane da dokar farko ta thermodynamics, makamashi ba'a halicce shi ko lalata shi ba, amma ana iya canza shi ko sauya shi. Amma a duk canja wurin makamashi ko canzawa adadinsa bashi da amfani yin aiki. Yayinda ake canzawa ko canzawa, ana fitar da wani ɓangare na ƙarfin farko azaman makamashin zafin jiki: kuzari ya lalace, ya rasa inganci.

A kowane canji na kuzari, yawan kuzarin da aka samu koyaushe ƙasa da makamashin da ake bayarwa. Ingancin zafi shine yawan zafin daga tushen da aka juye zuwa aiki, rabo tsakanin ƙarfin da ake samu da kuzarin da aka samar cikin canji. Duba hoto na 12.

Injin zafi ko na’urar Heat:

Injin na zafin jiki na'urar ne da ke jujjuya zafi zuwa aiki ko kuma ƙarfin inji, saboda wannan yana buƙatar tushen da ke ba da zafi a zazzabi mai ƙarfi.

A cikin injunan zafi ana amfani da abu kamar tururin ruwa, iska ko mai. Abun yana fuskantar jerin sauye-sauye na yanayin zamani ta yadda za'a iya amfani da na'urar ta ci gaba.

Darasi na 2.

Injin motar daukar kaya yana samar da zafi a cikin konewa ta hanyar kona mai. Ga kowane zagaye na injin, zafin 5 kJ ya canza zuwa 1kJ na aikin inji. Menene ingancin motar? Yaya yawan zafin jiki da aka saki don kowane zagaye na injin? Duba hoto na 13

Magani:

Don ƙayyade zafi da aka saki, ana ɗauka cewa a cikin injunan zafin jiki aikin net ɗin daidai yake da sauyawar zafin rana zuwa tsarin. Duba hoto na 14.

Entropy:

Entropy shine matakin rashin tsari ko rashin tsari a cikin tsarin. Entropy yana ba da damar ƙididdige ɓangaren makamashi wanda ba za a iya amfani da shi don samar da aiki ba, ma'ana, yana ba da damar ƙididdigar sakewar tsarin thermodynamic.

Duk wata hanyar canza kuzari da take faruwa yana kara yarda da yanayin sararin samaniya kuma yana rage yawan kuzarin da ake amfani dashi don aiki. Duk wani tsari na thermodynamic zai ci gaba ta hanyar da zai kara yawan shigar da sararin samaniya gaba daya. Duba hoto na 15.

3rd Dokar Thermodynamics

Doka ta uku ta Thermodynamics ko Nerst Postulate

Dokar thermodynamics ta uku tana da alaƙa da yanayin zafi da sanyaya. Ya nuna cewa kwarjinin tsarin a cikakkiyar sifili tabbatacce ne tabbatacce. Duba hoto na 16.

Cikakkar sifili shine mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki a ƙasa wanda yanzu babu sauran ƙarancin mizani, shine mafi tsananin sanyi da jiki zai iya zama. Cikakkar sifili shine 0 K, daidai da -273,15 .C.

ƙarshe

Akwai ka'idodin thermodynamic guda huɗu. A cikin ka'idar sifili an tabbatar da cewa ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi yana faruwa ne lokacin da jikuna biyu ko sama da haka suna cikin yanayi ɗaya.

Dokar farko ta thermodynamics tana magana ne akan kiyaye makamashi tsakanin tsari, yayin da doka ta biyu ta thermodynamics ta shafi shugabanci daga mafi ƙanƙanci zuwa mafi girma entropy, da inganci ko aikin injunan zafi waɗanda ke canza zafi zuwa aiki.

Doka ta uku ta yanayin zafi tana da alaƙa da yanayin zafi da sanyaya, tana faɗar cewa kwarjinin tsarin a cikakkiyar sifili tabbataccen abu ne.