Ugesi OyisisekeloUbuchwepheshe

I-Thermodynamics, ukuthi iyini kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo

I-Thermodynamics yisayensi esekwe ekutadisheni kwamandla. Izinqubo ze-Thermodynamic zenzeka nsuku zonke empilweni yansuku zonke, emakhaya, embonini, ngokuguqulwa kwamandla, njengemishini yokupholisa umoya, iziqandisi, izimoto, ama-boilers, phakathi kwabanye. Ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kokufundwa kweThermodynamics, ngokususelwa emithethweni emine eyisisekelo ebeka ubudlelwano phakathi kwekhwalithi nobungako bamandla, nezakhiwo ze-thermodynamic.

Ukuqonda imithetho yeThermodynamics, ngendlela elula, umuntu kufanele aqale kusuka kweminye imiqondo eyisisekelo evezwe ngezansi, njengamandla, ukushisa, izinga lokushisa, phakathi kwabanye.

Sikumema ukuba ubone le ndatshana Amandla Omthetho KaWatt (Izicelo - Ukuzivocavoca)

I-Power of Watt's Law (Izicelo - Ukuzivocavoca) ikhava ye-athikili
khamay.com

I-Thermodynamics

Umlando omncane:

I-Thermodynamics icwaninga ngokushintshana nokuguqulwa kwamandla kuzinqubo. Kakade ngawo-1600 uGalileo waqala ukwenza izifundo kule ndawo, ngokusungulwa kwe-thermometer yengilazi, kanye nobudlelwano bensimbi yoketshezi nokushisa kwalo.

Ngokuguqulwa kwezimboni, kwenziwa izifundo zokwazi ubudlelwano phakathi kokushisa, umsebenzi namandla kawoyela, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwezinjini zomoya, i-thermodynamics evelayo njengesayensi yokufunda, eqala ngo-1697 nenjini ye-Thomas Savery . Umthetho wokuqala nowesibili we-thermodynamics wasungulwa ngo-1850. Ososayensi abaningi abanjengoJoule, Kelvin, Clausius, Boltzmann, Carnot, Clapeyron, Gibbs, Maxwell, phakathi kwabanye, baba nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni le sayensi, "Thermodynamics."

Kuyini i-thermodynamics?

I-Thermodynamics yisayensi ehlola ukuguqulwa kwamandla. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwafundwa ukuthi kuguqulwa kanjani ukushisa kube ngamandla, ezinjinini ze-steam, kusetshenziswe amagama esiGreki "thermos" kanye "dynamis" ukuqamba le sayensi entsha, kwakheka igama elithi "thermodynamics". Bheka isithombe 1.

Umsuka wegama elithi thermodynamics
citeia.com (fig 1)

Izicelo ze-Thermodynamic

Indawo yokusebenzisa i-thermodynamics ibanzi kakhulu. Ukuguqulwa kwamandla kwenzeka ezinqubweni eziningi ezisuka emzimbeni womuntu, ngokugaywa kokudla, kuya ezinkambisweni eziningi zezimboni zokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo. Emakhaya kukhona nemishini lapho kusetshenziswa i-thermodynamics kuzinsimbi, izifudumezi zamanzi, ama-air conditioners, phakathi kokunye. Imigomo ye-thermodynamics nayo iyasetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene, njengezindawo ezisebenza ngogesi, izimoto namarokhethi. Bheka umfanekiso 2.

Okunye Ukusetshenziswa kweThermodynamics
citeia.com (fig 2)

Izisekelo ze I-Thermodynamics

Amandla (E)

Impahla yanoma imuphi umzimba noma uhlelo olungeyona into olungaguqulwa ngokuguqula isimo salo noma isimo salo. Kuchazwa futhi njengamandla noma ikhono lokuhambisa udaba. Ku-figure 3 ungabona imithombo ethile yamandla.

Imithombo yamandla
citeia.com (fig 3)

Izinhlobo zamandla

Amandla eza ngezindlela eziningi, njengomoya, ugesi, imishini, amandla enuzi, phakathi kokunye. Esifundweni se-thermodynamics, amandla we-kinetic, amandla angaba khona namandla angaphakathi emizimba asetshenzisiwe. I-kinetic energy (Ec) ihlobene nejubane, amandla angaba khona (i-Ep) nokuphakama namandla angaphakathi (U) ngokuhamba kwama-molecule angaphakathi. Bheka umfanekiso 4.

I-Kinetic, amandla angaba khona nangaphakathi ku-thermodynamics.
citeia.com (fig 4)

Ukushisa (Q):

Ukudluliswa kwamandla okushisa phakathi kwemizimba emibili esezingeni lokushisa elihlukile. Ukushisa kukalwa ku-Joule, BTU, pound-feet, noma kuma-calories.

Ithempelesha (T):

Kuyisilinganiso samandla we-kinetic wama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha noma iyiphi into ebonakalayo. Ilinganisa izinga lokuxakaniseka kwama-molecule angaphakathi ento, yamandla ayo ashisayo. Ukukhula okukhulu kwama-molecule, kukhuphula izinga lokushisa. Kukalwa ngamadigri Celsius, degrees Kelvin, degrees Rankine, noma degrees Fahrenheit. Ku-figure 5 ukufana phakathi kwezilinganiso ezithile zokushisa kuveziwe.

Okunye ukuqhathanisa nezikali zokushisa.
citeia.com (fig 5)

Izimiso ze-Thermodynamic

Ukutadisha kokuguqulwa kwamandla ku-thermodynamics kusekelwe emithethweni emine. Umthetho wokuqala nowesibili uhlobene nekhwalithi nobungako bamandla; ngenkathi umthetho wesithathu nowesine uhlobene nezakhiwo ze-thermodynamic (izinga lokushisa ne-entropy). Bheka izinombolo 6 no-7.

Imithetho ehlobene namandla ku-thermodynamics.
citeia.com (fig 6)

Umthetho Wokuqala We-Thermodynamics:

Umthetho wokuqala ubeka umgomo wokongiwa kwamandla. Amandla angadluliselwa asuke komunye umzimba aye komunye, noma aguqulwe aye kolunye uhlobo lwamandla, kodwa ahlala elondolozwa, ngakho-ke inani lamandla lihlala lihlala njalo.

Imithetho ehlobene nezakhiwo ze-thermodynamic
citeia.com (fig 7)

Umgwaqo wokushwibeka uyisibonelo esihle soMthetho Wokulondolozwa kwamandla, lapho kutholakala khona ukuthi amandla awadalwa noma abhujiswe, kepha aguqulwa abe olunye uhlobo lwamandla. Kumuntu oshibilika eqhweni onjengalowo osesithombeni 8, lapho amandla adonsela phansi kuphela enethonya, kufanele:

  • Isikhundla 1: Lapho i-skater iphezulu kwerempu, unamandla angaphakathi namandla angahle abe khona ngenxa yokuphakama akuso, kepha amandla akhe e-kinetic awutholi ngoba akahambi (speed = 0 m / s).
  • Isikhundla 2: Njengoba i-skater iqala ukwehla ngomgwaqo, ukuphakama kuyancipha, kunciphisa amandla angaphakathi namandla angaba khona, kepha kukhulisa amandla akhe e-kinetic, ngoba ijubane lakhe liyanda. Amandla aguqulwa abe amandla e-kinetic. Lapho i-skater ifinyelela endaweni ephansi kunazo zonke yerempu (isikhundla 2), amandla ayo angaba ngu-zero (ukuphakama = 0m), ngenkathi ithola isivinini esiphezulu ohambweni lwayo phansi kwirempu.
  • Isikhundla 3: Njengoba umgwaqo ukhuphuka, lo skater wehla ngejubane, anciphise amandla akhe e-kinetic, kepha amandla angaphakathi ayakhuphuka, namandla akhona, njengoba ezuza ukuphakama.
Ukonga amandla ku-thermodynamics.
citeia.com (fig 8)

Umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics:

Umthetho wesibili uhlobene "nekhwalithi" yamandla, ekusebenziseni kahle ukuguqulwa kanye / noma ukudluliswa kwamandla. Lo mthetho ubeka ukuthi ezinqubweni zangempela ikhwalithi yamandla ivame ukwehla. Incazelo yempahla ye-thermodynamic "entropy" yethulwa. Ezitatimendeni zomthetho wesibili, kuyasungulwa lapho inqubo ingenzeka nalapho ingakwazi, noma ngabe umthetho wokuqala uqhubeka nokuthotshelwa. Bheka umfanekiso 9.

Umuzwa wokudluliswa kokushisa.
citeia.com (fig 9)

Umthetho kaZero:

Umthetho onguziro uthi uma amasistimu amabili okulingana nengxenye yesithathu ayalingana nomunye. Isibonelo, kuMdwebo we-10, uma i-A isesilinganisweni esishisayo no-C, futhi u-C usesilinganisweni esishisayo ne-B, u-A usesilinganisweni esishisayo ne-B.

Umthetho we-Zero we-thermodynamics
citeia.com (fig 10)

Eminye imiqondo ye-Tlindokuhle

Uhlelo

Ingxenye yendawo yonke enentshisekelo noma yokufunda. Enkomishini yekhofi kuMdwebo 11, "uhlelo" yilokho okuqukethwe kwenkomishi (ikhofi) lapho kungafundwa khona ukudluliswa kwamandla okushisa. Bheka umfanekiso 12. [4]

Uhlelo, umngcele nemvelo yohlelo lwe-thermodynamic.
citeia.com (fig 11)

Imvelo

Yiyo yonke indawo yangaphandle engaphandle kohlelo olucwaningwayo. Ku-Figure 12, inkomishi yekhofi ibhekwa "njengomngcele" oqukethe ikhofi (uhlelo) futhi okungaphandle kwenkomishi (umngcele) "yindawo" yohlelo.

Uhlelo lwe-Thermodynamic oluchaza ukulingana kwe-thermodynamic.
citeia.com (fig 12)

I-Thermodynamic Equilibrium

Shano lapho izakhiwo zohlelo zichazwe kahle futhi zingahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lapho uhlelo lunikeza ukulingana okushisayo, ukulingana kwemishini kanye nokulingana kwamakhemikhali, kuba ku- "thermodynamic equilibrium". Ngokulingana, isistimu ayikwazi ukuguqula isimo sayo ngaphandle kokuthi umenzeli wangaphandle asebenze kuso. Bheka umfanekiso 13.

Ukulingana kwe-Thermodynamic
citeia.com (fig 13)

Udonga

Ibhizinisi elivumela noma livimbele ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamasistimu. Uma udonga luvumela ukudlula kwento, kuthiwa ludonga olungenayo. Udonga lwe-adiabatic yilona olungavumeli ukudluliswa kokushisa phakathi kwezinhlelo ezimbili. Lapho udonga luvumela ukudluliswa kwamandla ashisayo lubizwa ngokuthi udonga lwediathermic. Bheka umfanekiso 14.

Udonga lohlelo lwe-thermodynamic
citeia.com (14 umkhiwane)

Iziphetho

Amandla amandla okuhambisa izinto. Lokhu kungaguqulwa ngokuguqula isimo saso noma isimo saso.

I-Thermodynamics yisayensi efunda ukushintshana nokuguqulwa kwamandla kuzinqubo. Ukutadisha kokuguqulwa kwamandla ku-thermodynamics kusekelwe emithethweni emine. Umthetho wokuqala nowesibili uhlobene nekhwalithi nobungako bamandla; ngenkathi umthetho wesithathu nowesine uhlobene nezakhiwo ze-thermodynamic (izinga lokushisa ne-entropy).

Izinga lokushisa liyisilinganiso sezinga lokuxakaniseka kwama-molecule akha umzimba, kanti ukushisa kungukuhambisa amandla okushisa phakathi kwemizimba emibili esemazingeni okushisa ahlukene.

I-Thermodynamic equilibrium ikhona lapho uhlelo lunye ngesikhathi esisodwa ku-thermal equilibrium, mechanical equilibrium, and chemical equilibrium.

Inothi yokubonga: Ngokwenziwa kwale ndatshana sibe nelungelo lokuthola izeluleko ze- U-Ing. Marisol Pino, Uchwepheshe Wezinsimbi Zokusebenza Nolawulo.