Izimiso ze-Thermodynamic
Ukuqonda, ngendlela elula, umhlaba obanzi futhi oyinkimbinkimbi weThermodynamics, kunconywa ukuthi uhambe igxathu negxathu uqale ngokubuyekezwa kwamagama ayisisekelo, ukwethulwa kwemigomo ye-thermodynamic, bese ufunda ngokujule kakhulu imithetho ye-thermodynamic ivezwa ngezibalo.nokusetshenziswa kwayo.
Ngemithetho emine ye-thermodynamics (zero law, umthetho wokuqala, umthetho wesibili nomthetho wesithathu), kuchazwa ukuthi ukudluliselwa nokuguqulwa kwamandla phakathi kwezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene kusebenza kanjani; ukuba yisisekelo sokuqonda izinto eziningi zomzimba zamakhemikhali.
Ukubuyekezwa kwemiqondo eyisisekelo
Sikumema ukuba ubone le ndatshana I-THERMODYNAMICS, ukuthi iyini kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo
Ungagcwalisa lolu lwazi nge-athikili Amandla Omthetho KaWatt (Izicelo - Ukuzivocavoca) Okwamanje SILANDELA ...
Izinhlobo zamandla
Amandla, impahla yemizimba yokuziguqula ngokwabo ngokuguqula isimo noma isimo sawo, iza ngezindlela eziningi, njenge amandla we-kinetic, amandla angaba khona namandla angaphakathi emizimba. Bheka isithombe 1.
Sebenzisa
Kungumkhiqizo wamandla nokufuduswa, womabili alinganiswa ngendlela eyodwa. Ukubala umsebenzi, ingxenye yamandla ehambelana nokususwa kwento isetshenzisiwe. Umsebenzi ulinganiswa ku-Nm, Joule (J), ft.lb-f, noma ku-BTU. Bheka umfanekiso 2.
Ukushisa (Q)
Ukudluliswa kwamandla okushisa phakathi kwemizimba emibili esezingeni lokushisa elihlukile, futhi kwenzeka kuphela ngomqondo wokuthi izinga lokushisa liyancipha. Ukushisa kukalwa ku-Joule, BTU, pound-feet, noma kuma-calories. Bheka umfanekiso 3.
Izimiso ze-Thermodynamic
Umthetho weZero - iZero Principle
Umthetho onguziro we-thermodynamics uthi uma izinto ezimbili, u-A no-B, zisesilinganisweni esishisayo nomunye nomunye, futhi into engu-A isesilinganisweni nento yesithathu u-C, khona-ke into engu-B isesilinganisweni esishisayo nento engu-C. Ukulingana kwe-Thermal kwenzeka lapho imizimba emibili noma ngaphezulu isezingeni lokushisa elifanayo. Bheka umfanekiso 4.
Lo mthetho uthathwa njengomthetho oyisisekelo we-thermodynamics. Yabizwa njengo "Zero Law" ngo-1935, ngoba yahlehliswa ngemuva komthetho wokuqala nowesibili we-thermodynamics.
Umthetho wokuqala we-Thermodynamics (Umgomo wokongiwa kwamandla)
Isitatimende soMthetho Wokuqala We-Thermodynamics:
Umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics, owaziwa nangokuthi umthetho wokongiwa kwamandla, uthi amandla awadalwa noma abhujiswe, aguqulwa abe olunye uhlobo lwamandla, noma adluliselwe entweni eyodwa aye kwenye. Ngakho-ke inani eliphelele lamandla endaweni yonke alishintshi.
Umthetho wokuqala ugcwaliseka kuyo yonke "into", amandla adluliswa futhi aguqulwe ngokuqhubekayo, ngokwesibonelo, kwamanye amadivayisi kagesi, njengama-mixers kanye ne-blenders, amandla kagesi aguqulwa abe amandla e-mechanical and thermal, emzimbeni womuntu aguqulwa amakhemikhali amandla okudla afakwa kumandla we-kinetic lapho umzimba uhamba, noma ezinye izibonelo ezinjengalezo eziboniswe kusifanekiso 5.
Ukulingana koMthetho Wokuqala weThermodynamics:
Isilinganiso sokuqala somthetho ngaphakathi kwezimiso ze-thermodynamic sikhombisa ibhalansi okufanele ibe khona phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamandla kunqubo enikeziwe. Njengoba, ezinhlelweni ezivaliwe [1], ukushintshaniswa kwamandla kunganikezwa kuphela ngokudlulisa ukushisa, noma ngomsebenzi owenziwe (ngohlelo noma ngohlelo) kutholakala ukuthi ukwehluka kwamandla esistimu kulingana nenani yokudluliselwa kwamandla ngokushisa nangomsebenzi. Bheka umfanekiso 6.
Uma kubhekwa ukuthi amandla acatshangelwe kule bhalansi yamandla angamandla e-kinetic, amandla angahle namandla wangaphakathi [1], ibhalansi yamandla wezinhlelo ezivaliwe ihlala njengoba kukhonjisiwe kumfanekiso 7.
- (ec) Amandla we-Kinetic, ngenxa yokuhamba komzimba;
- (Isiqephu) Amandla Amandla, ngenxa yokuma komzimba enkambeni yamandla adonsela phansi;
- (NOMA) Amandla angaphakathi, ngenxa yeminikelo emincane ye-kinetic namandla angaba khona ama-molecule angaphakathi omzimba.
Ukuzivocavoca 1.
Isitsha esivaliwe siqukethe into, enamandla okuqala ayi-10 kJ. Le nto inyakaziswa ngophephela owenza u-500 J usebenza, kanti umthombo wokushisa udlulisela ama-20 kJ okushisa entweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-3kJ yokushisa ikhishelwa emoyeni ngesikhathi senqubo. Thola amandla wokugcina wezinto. Bheka umfanekiso 8.
Isixazululo:
Ku-figure 9 ungabona ukushisa okungezwe ngumthombo wokushisa, othathwa ngokuthi "muhle" ngoba kwandisa amandla ezinto, ukushisa okukhishelwa emoyeni, okungekuhle ngoba kunciphisa amandla ezinto, kanye Ukusebenza kwe-propeller, okwandise amandla kuthathe uphawu oluhle.
Ku-figure 10 ibhalansi yamandla ivezwa, ngokusho komthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics namandla wokugcina wento atholakala.
Umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics
Kunezitatimende eziningana zomthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics: Isitatimende sikaPlanck-Kelvin, uClausius, uCarnot. Ngamunye wabo ukhombisa isici esihlukile somthetho wesibili. Ngokuvamile umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics ubeka ngemuva:
- Ukuqondiswa kwezinqubo ze-thermodynamic, ukuhlehliseka kwezimo zomzimba.
- Ukusebenza kahle kwemishini eshisayo.
- Faka impahla "entropy".
Ukuqondiswa kwezinqubo ze-thermodynamic:
Ngokuzenzakalela emvelweni, amandla ageleza noma adluliselwe esuka esimweni samandla aphakeme kakhulu aye kwisimo samandla aphansi kakhulu. Ukushisa kuhamba kusuka emizimbeni eshisayo kuya emizimbeni ebandayo hhayi ngenye indlela. Bheka umfanekiso 11.
Ukusebenza kahle noma ukusebenza okushisayo:
Ngokomthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics, amandla awadalwa noma abhujiswe, kepha angaguqulwa noma adluliswe. Kepha kukho konke ukudluliswa noma ukuguqulwa kwamandla inani lawo alilusizo ukwenza umsebenzi. Njengoba amandla edluliswa noma eguqulwa, ingxenye yamandla okuqala ikhishwa njengamandla ashisayo: amandla ehla, alahlekelwe ikhwalithi.
Kunoma yikuphi ukuguqulwa kwamandla, inani lamandla atholakalayo lihlala lingaphansi kwamandla ahlinzekwayo. Ukusebenza okushisayo yinani lokushisa okuvela emthonjeni eliguqulwa libe umsebenzi, isilinganiso esiphakathi kwamandla awusizo atholakalayo namandla anikezwe ekuguqukeni. Bheka umfanekiso 12.
Umshini Wokushisa noma Umshini Wokushisa:
Umshini oshisayo uyithuluzi eliguqula kancane ukushisa kube ngumsebenzi noma amandla womshini, okudinga umthombo onikezela ukushisa ekushiseni okuphezulu.
Emishinini eshisayo kusetshenziswa into efana nomhwamuko wamanzi, umoya noma uphethiloli. Le nto ihlangabezana nochungechunge lwezinguquko ze-thermodynamic ngendlela eyindilinga, ukuze umshini usebenze ngokuqhubekayo.
Ukuzivocavoca 2.
Injini yemoto ethwala impahla ikhiqiza ukushisa ngomlilo ngokushisa uphethiloli. Kumjikelezo ngamunye wenjini, ukushisa kwe-5 kJ kuguqulwa kube yi-1kJ yomsebenzi womshini. Yini ukusebenza kahle kwemoto? Kukhululwa ukushisa okungakanani emjikelezweni ngamunye wenjini? Bheka umfanekiso 13
Isixazululo:
Ukunquma ukushisa okukhishiwe, kucatshangwa ukuthi emishinini eshisayo umsebenzi wenetha ulingana nokudluliswa kokushisa kwenetha kohlelo. Bheka umfanekiso 14.
Entropy:
I-Entropy yizinga lokungahleliwe noma lokuphazamiseka ohlelweni. I-Entropy yenza kube nokwenzeka ukukala ingxenye yamandla engenakusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza umsebenzi, okungukuthi, yenza ukuthi kube lula ukukala ukungaguquguquki kwenqubo ye-thermodynamic.
Ukudluliswa kwamandla ngakunye okwenzekayo kukhuphula i-entropy yendawo yonke futhi kunciphise inani lamandla asetshenziswayo atholakalayo ukwenza umsebenzi. Noma iyiphi inqubo ye-thermodynamic izoqhubeka ngendlela eyandisa i-entropy ephelele yendawo yonke. Bheka umfanekiso 15.
Umthetho wesithathu we-Thermodynamics
Umthetho wesithathu weThermodynamics noma iNerst Postulate
Umthetho wesithathu we-thermodynamics uhlobene nokushisa nokupholisa. Ithi ukungena kwesistimu ku-zero ngokuphelele kuyinto eqondile. Bheka umfanekiso 16.
Uziro ongasho lutho ukushisa okuphansi kakhulu okungeke kusaba nesilinganiso esiphansi, kuyabanda kakhulu umzimba ongaba yiso. I-zero ephelele ingu-0 K, ilingana no -273,15 ºC.
Isiphetho
Kunemigomo emine ye-thermodynamic. Kumthethonqubo we-zero kutholakala ukuthi ukulingana okushisayo kwenzeka lapho imizimba emibili noma ngaphezulu isezingeni lokushisa elifanayo.
Umthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics uphathelene nokongiwa kwamandla phakathi kwezinqubo, kanti umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics usebenza ngokuqondiswa kusuka kokuphansi kuya entropy ephezulu kakhulu, nokusebenza kahle kwezinjini zokushisa eziguqula ukushisa kube ngumsebenzi.
Umthetho wesithathu we-thermodynamics uhlobene nokushisa nokupholisa, uthi ukungena kwesistimu ku-zero ngokuphelele kuyinto eqondile.