Ukushisa koMthetho kaJoule "Izicelo - Ukuzivocavoca"
UJoule ufunde umphumela okhiqizwe lapho amandla kagesi ejikeleza umqhubi futhi wasungulwa kanjalo ngumthetho owaziwayo kaJoule. Lapho inani likagesi lihamba kumqhubi, ama-electron shayisana ngokushisa okudala komunye nomunye.
Kusetshenziswa umphumela weJoule, kuye kwaklanywa imishini eminingi yasendlini nemishini yezimboni, lapho amandla kagesi aguqulwa abe ukushisa ngalo mthetho, njengabapheki bakagesi nezinsimbi.
Umthetho kaJoule usetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwemishini ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla ngokushisa.
Ukwazi uJames Joule kancane:
UJames Prescott Joule (1818-1889)
Wayengusosayensi waseBrithani owenza ucwaningo nge-thermodynamics, amandla, ugesi, kanye nozibuthe.
Ngokubambisana noWilliam Thomson bathole umphumela obizwa ngokuthi yiJoule - Thomson abakhombise ngawo ukuthi kungenzeka ukupholisa igesi lapho kunwetshwa ngaphandle kokwenza umsebenzi wangaphandle, okuyisisekelo esiyisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kweziqandisi zamanje nama-air conditioner. Usebenze noLord Kelvin ukuthuthukisa izinga lokushisa eliphelele, wasiza ekuchazeni umbono we-kinetic wamagesi.
Iyunithi yamazwe omhlaba yamandla, ukushisa nomsebenzi, i-joule, yaqanjwa njengegama lakhe lokumhlonipha. [1]
Umthetho kaJoule
Ngabe umthetho kaJoule uphakamisa ini?
Lapho ugesi ugeleza ungene entweni ethile, amanye amandla achithwa njengokushisa. Umthetho kaJoule usivumela ukuthi sinqume inani lokushisa elichithwa entweni ethile, njengomphumela wamandla kagesi ajikeleza ngawo. Bheka isithombe 1.
Umthetho kaJoule uthi ukushisa (Q) okwenziwa kumqhubi kufana nokumelana nogesi R, kusikwele samanje esidlula kuso, kanye nesikhathi sokuhamba kwesikhathi. Bheka umfanekiso 2.
Ukuchazwa kwezibalo koMthetho kaJoule
Ukushisa okusakazeka entweni ethile, lapho i-current izungeza ngayo, kunikezwa isisho sezibalo esiku-figure 3. Kuyadingeka ukwazi inani lamandla kagesi ajikeleza entweni, ukumelana kwawo kagesi nangesikhawu isikhathi. [amabili].
Lapho ufunda ukulahleka kokushisa entweni ethile, kuvame ukuvezwa njengokushisa okushabalala kuyunithi "ikhalori" esikhundleni seJoule. Umdwebo 4 ukhombisa ifomula yokunquma inani lokushisa kuma-calories.
Kwenzeka kanjani ukufudumala?
Lapho ugesi ugeleza phakathi komqhubi, inkokhelo kagesi ishayisana nama-athomu womqhubi lapho ehamba ngayo. Ngenxa yalokhu kushaqeka, ingxenye yamandla iguqulwa ibe ukushisa, inyuse izinga lokushisa kwempahla eqhubayo. Bheka umfanekiso 5.
Ukugeleza kwamanje okuningi, kukhuphuka izinga lokushisa, futhi ukushisa okungaphezulu kuyachithwa. Ukushisa okukhiqizwa amandla kagesi ageleza kumqhubi kuyisilinganiso somsebenzi owenziwe njengamanje ekunqobeni ukumelana nomqhubi.
Ukuhambisa amandla kagesi kudinga umthombo wamandla kagesi. Umthombo wamandla wevolthi kufanele unikeze amandla athe xaxa ukushisa okuthe chithi saka. Ngokunquma ukuthi kukhiqizwa ukushisa okungakanani, unganquma ukuthi umthombo wamandla kagesi kufanele uwunikeze amandla angakanani.
Izicelo zomthetho kaJoule
Umphumela we-Joule kuma-incandescent bulbs
Izibani ze-incandescent zenziwa ngokubeka intambo ephezulu ye-tungsten ebhalweni lengilazi. Ekushiseni okungama-500 ºC, imizimba ikhipha ilambu elibomvu, eliguquka libe mhlophe uma izinga lokushisa lenyuka. Intambo yebhalbhu, lapho ifinyelela ku-3.000 ºC, ikhipha ukukhanya okumhlophe. Ngaphakathi kwe-ampoule kwenziwa i-vacuum ephezulu futhi kufakwa igesi engena ngaphakathi ukuze intambo ingashi.
Ukushisa okunikezwa amandla wamanje (umphumela we-Joule) njengoba kudlula lapho kuthiwa intambo ikuvumela ukuthi kufinyelele ezingeni lokushisa elidingekayo ukuze i-incandescence yenzeke, umphumela wezinto zokukhipha ukukhanya lapho kufakwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Bheka umfanekiso 6.
Kubalulekile ukukhetha isibani esifanelekile ukusebenza kahle kwamandla. Kumalambu we-incandescent kusetshenziswa kuphela amandla afinyelela ku-15% wamandla, wonke amanye amandla kagesi achithwa ekushiseni. Kumalambu aholelekile ama-80 kuya kuma-90% aguqulwa abe amandla okukhanya, yi-10% kuphela emoswayo lapho ichithwa ngendlela yokushisa. Ama-led Led ayindlela engcono kakhulu, enokonga amandla amakhulu nokusetshenziswa kukagesi okuphansi. Bheka umfanekiso 7. [3]
Ukuzivocavoca kwe-1
Ku-100 W, 110 V incandescent bulb, nquma:
a) Ubukhulu bamanje ogeleza ngebhalbhu.
b) Amandla elisebenzisa ngehora.
Isixazululo:
a) Amandla kagesi:
Kusetshenziswa amandla kagesi:
Sikumema ukuba ubone i-athikili ye- Watt's Law Amandla
Ngokomthetho ka-Ohm inani lokumelana kagesi kwesibani liyatholakala:
sikumema ukuba ubone lesi sihloko Umthetho ka-Ohm nezimfihlo zawo
b) Amandla asetshenziswa ngehora
Umthetho kaJoule unquma inani lokushisa elichithwa kubhalbhu
Uma i-1 Kilowatt-hour = 3.600.000 Joule, amandla asetshenziswe ngehora yile:
Q = 0,002 kWh
Umphumela:
mina = 0,91 A; Q = 0,002 kWh
Umphumela weJoule - Ukudluliswa nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla kagesi
Amandla kagesi, akhiqizwa esitshalweni, ahanjiswa ngezintambo ezihamba phambili ezizosetshenziswa kamuva emakhaya, emabhizinisini nasezimbonini. [4]
Njengoba ukuhamba kwamanje kujikeleza, ukushisa kuhlakazeka ngomphumela weJoule, kulahlekelwa ingxenye yamandla emvelweni. Okukhudlwana okwamanje, kukhulu ukushisa okusakazwayo. Ukugwema ukulahleka kwamandla, imisinga ithuthwa ngemisinga ephansi nangamanani aphezulu we-380 kV. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuthuthwa kwamandla kagesi. Kuma-substation nama-transformer ancishiselwa kumazinga kagesi ku-110 V naku-220 V ukusetshenziswa kwawo kokugcina25 noma ama-volts angama-220). Bheka umfanekiso 8.
Kwizinto eziningi ezisetshenziswayo umphumela weJoule usetshenziswa, lapho amandla kagesi aguqulwa abe ukushisa, njengezinsimbi zikagesi, izifudumezi zamanzi, amafyuzi, ama-toaster, izitofu zikagesi, phakathi kokunye. Bheka umfanekiso 9.
Ukuzivocavoca kwe-2
Insimbi kagesi engu-400W isetshenziselwa imizuzu eyi-10. Ukwazi ukuthi i-iron ixhunywe kugesi ka-110 V, thola:
a) Amandla wamanje ageleza ngensimbi.
b) Inani lokushisa eliqedwa yinsimbi.
Isixazululo:
Amandla kagesi
Kusetshenziswa amandla kagesi:
p = vi
Ngokomthetho ka-Ohm inani lokumelana kagesi kwesibani liyatholakala:
Ikhalori
Umthetho kaJoule unquma inani lokushisa elichithwa epuletini. Uma umzuzu uqukethe imizuzwana engama-60, bese kuba yimizuzu eyi-10 = 600 s.
Uma i-1 Kilowatt-hour = 3.600.000 Joule, ukushisa okukhishwayo kungu:
Q = 0,07 kWh
Iziphetho
Umthetho kaJoule uthi ukushisa okukhiqizwa amandla kagesi lapho kujikeleza ngomqhubi kulingana ngqo nesikwele sobukhulu besikhathi samanje, izikhathi zokumelana nesikhathi okusithatha njengamanje ukuze kuzungezwe. Ngokuhlonipha uJoule iyunithi yamandla ohlelweni lwamazwe omhlaba manje selibizwa nge- “Joule”.
Amadivayisi amaningi asebenzisa i- “umphumela we-joule”, Ngokukhiqiza ukushisa ngokudlula kwamanje ngokusebenzisa umqhubi, njengama-ovens, izitofu, ama-toaster, amapuleti, phakathi kwabanye.
Sikumema ukuthi ushiye imibono nemibuzo yakho ngale ndaba ethokozisayo.