Thermodynamics, yintoni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo

I-Thermodynamics yisayensi esekwe kuphando lwamandla. Iinkqubo ze-Thermodynamic zenzeka mihla le kubomi bemihla ngemihla, emakhayeni, kwimizi-mveliso, kunye nokuguqulwa kwamandla, njengakwizixhobo zokupholisa umoya, iifriji, iimoto, iibhoyila, phakathi kwabanye. Kungoko ukubaluleka kwesifundo seThermodynamics, esekwe kwimithetho emine esisiseko ebeka ubudlelwane phakathi komgangatho nobungakanani bamandla, kunye neepropathi zethemodynamic.

Ukuqonda imithetho yeThermodynamics, ngendlela elula, umntu kufuneka aqale kwezinye iikhonsepthi ezisisiseko ezichazwe apha ngezantsi, ezinje ngamandla, ubushushu, ubushushu, phakathi kwabanye.

Siyakumema ukuba ubone eli nqaku Amandla oMthetho weWatt (Izicelo-Ukuzivocavoca)

Ithermodynamics

Umlando omncinci:

I-Thermodynamics iphonononga ukutshintshiselana kunye notshintsho lwamandla kwiinkqubo. Sele ikwi-1600s uGalileo waqala ukuqhuba izifundo kule ndawo, ngokuyilwa kwesixhobo sokulinganisa ubushushu beglasi, kunye nobudlelwane bexinene lolwelo kunye nobushushu balo.

Ngotshintsho lweshishini, kwenziwa izifundo zokwazi ubudlelwane phakathi kobushushu, umsebenzi kunye namandla e-fuels, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kweinjini zomphunga, i-Thermodynamics ekhulayo njengesayensi yokufunda, ukusuka kwi-1697 nge-injini ye-steam ka-Thomas Savery. Imithetho yokuqala neyesibini ye-thermodynamics yasekwa ngo-1850. Oososayensi abaninzi abanjengo Joule, Kelvin, Clausius, Boltzmann, Carnot, Clapeyron, Gibbs, Maxwell, phakathi kwabanye, banegalelo kuphuhliso lwenzululwazi, "iThermodynamics."

Yintoni ithermodynamics?

I-Thermodynamics yisayensi efunda iinguqu zamandla. Ukusukela ekuqaleni kwafundwa indlela yokuguqula ubushushu bube ngamandla, kwiinjini zomphunga, amagama esiGrike "thermos" kunye "dynamis" asetyenziswa ukubiza le sayensi intsha, esenza igama elithi "thermodynamics". Jonga umfanekiso 1.

Izicelo zeThermodynamic

Indawo yokusetyenziswa kwe-thermodynamics ibanzi kakhulu. Ukuguqulwa kwamandla kwenzeka kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezivela emzimbeni womntu, kunye nokwetyiswa kokutya, nkqu nakwiinkqubo ezininzi zokwenza imveliso kwimveliso. Emakhaya kukwakho nezixhobo apho kusetyenziswa khona i-thermodynamics kwi-ayoni, izixhobo zokufudumeza amanzi, izixhobo zokupholisa umoya, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Imigaqo ye-thermodynamics ikwasetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngezixhobo zombane, iimoto, kunye nerokethi. Jonga umzobo 2.

Iziseko ze Ithermodynamics

Amandla (E)

Ipropathi yayo nayiphi na into ebonakalayo okanye engekho emzimbeni okanye inkqubo enokutshintshwa ngokuguqula imeko okanye imeko yayo. Ikwachazwa njengokubanakho okanye amandla okuhambisa imicimbi. Kumzobo 3 ungabona eminye imithombo yamandla.

Iifom zamandla

Amandla eza ngeendlela ezininzi, njengomoya, umbane, umatshini, amandla enyukliya, phakathi kwezinye. Kwisifundo se-thermodynamics, amandla e-kinetic, amandla anokubakho kunye namandla angaphakathi emizimba asetyenzisiweyo. Amandla e-kinetic (Ec) ahambelana nesantya, amandla anokubakho (Ep) kunye nokuphakama kunye namandla angaphakathi (U) ngokuhamba kweemolekyuli zangaphakathi. Jonga umfanekiso 4.

Ubushushu (Q):

Ukuhanjiswa kwamandla obushushu phakathi kwemizimba emibini ekumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo. Ubushushu bulinganiswa kwiJoule, BTU, iinyawo zepawundi, okanye kwiikhalori.

Ubushushu (T):

Yimilinganiselo yamandla e-kinetic e-athomu okanye iimolekyuli ezenza nayiphi na into ebonakalayo. Ilinganisa inqanaba lokuphazamiseka kwemolekyuli yangaphakathi yento, yamandla ayo obushushu. Ukunyuka kokuhamba kweemolekyuli, kokukhona iqondo lobushushu liphezulu. Ilinganiswa nge-degrees Celsius, degrees Kelvin, degrees Rankine, okanye degrees Fahrenheit. Kumzobo 5 ukulingana phakathi kwamanqanaba obushushu kubonisiwe.

Imigaqo ye-Thermodynamic

Uphononongo lwenguqu yamandla kwi-thermodynamics isekwe kwimithetho emine. Umthetho wokuqala nowesibini unxulumene nomgangatho kunye nobungakanani bamandla; Ngelixa umthetho wesithathu nowesine unxulumene neepropathi ze-thermodynamic (ubushushu kunye ne-entropy). Jonga amanani 6 no 7.

Umthetho wokuqala weThermodynamics:

Umthetho wokuqala umisela umthetho-siseko wolondolozo lwamandla. Amandla anokudluliselwa asuke komnye umzimba aye kwelinye, okanye atshintshelwe kolunye uhlobo lwamandla, kodwa uhlala elondolozwa, ke inani elipheleleyo lamandla lihlala lihlala lihleli.

I-skating ramp ngumzekelo olungileyo woMthetho woLondolozo lwamandla, apho kufunyanwa ukuba amandla awenziwanga okanye atshatyalaliswe, kodwa aguqulwa abe lolunye uhlobo lwamandla. Umtyibilizi njengomntu okwisazobe 8, xa amandla omxhuzulane enefuthe kuphela, kufuneka:

• Indawo 1: Xa i-skater iphezulu kwerempu, unamandla angaphakathi kunye namandla anokubakho ngenxa yokuphakama akuso, kodwa amandla akhe e-kinetic ayinto zero kuba akashukumi (isantya = 0 m / s).
• Indawo 2: Njengoko i-skater iqala ukutyibilika kwirampu, ukuphakama kuyancipha, kunciphisa amandla angaphakathi kunye namandla anokubakho, kodwa ukwandisa amandla e-kinetic, kuba isantya sayo siyanda. Amandla aguqulwa abe ngamandla e-kinetic. Xa i-skater ifikelela kwezona ndawo ziphantsi zethambeka (indawo yesi-2), amandla akhe okuba zero (ukuphakama = 0m), ngelixa efumana esona santya siphezulu kuhambo lwakhe ezantsi kwirempu.
• Indawo 3: Njengoko irampu inyuka, i-skater iphulukana nesantya, inciphisa amandla e-kinetic, kodwa amandla angaphakathi ayonyuka, kunye namandla anokubakho, njengoko ezuza ubude.

Umthetho wesibini we-thermodynamics:

Umthetho wesibini unxulumene "nomgangatho" wamandla, ekusebenziseni ukuguqulwa kunye / okanye ukuhanjiswa kwamandla. Lo mthetho ubeka ukuba kwiinkqubo zokwenyani umgangatho wamandla uthande ukwehla. Inkcazo yepropathiymodynamic "entropy" yaziswa. Kwiingxelo zomthetho wesibini, kuyasekwa xa inkqubo inokwenzeka kwaye xa ingenako, nokuba umthetho wokuqala uyaqhubeka ukuthobela. Jonga umfanekiso 9.

Umthetho weZero:

Umthetho ongunothi uthi ukuba iinkqubo ezimbini kwi-equilibrium kunye nesithathu zikulingano kunye nezinye. Umzekelo, kumzobo we-10, ukuba i-A ikwi-thermal equilibrium ne-C, kwaye i-C ikwi-thermal equilibrium kunye ne-B, ke i-A ikwi-thermal equilibrium ne-B.

Ezinye iikhonsepthi ze-Tsibawo

Inkqubo

Inxalenye yendalo iphela enomdla okanye yokufunda. Kwindebe yekofu kuMzobo 11, "inkqubo" ngumxholo wendebe (ikofu) apho ukuhanjiswa kwamandla obushushu kunokufundwa. Jonga umfanekiso 12. [4]

Indalo esingqongileyo

Yindalo iphela yendalo engaphandle kwinkqubo ephantsi kwesifundo. Kumzobo 12, ikomityi yekofu ithathwa ngokuba "ngumda" oqulethe ikofu (inkqubo) kwaye okungaphandle kwekomityi (umda) "yindawo" yenkqubo.

Ukulingana kweThermodynamic

Chaza ukuba iipropathi zenkqubo zichazwe kakuhle kwaye azifani ngokuhamba kwexesha. Xa inkqubo ibonakalisa ulingano lwe-thermal, ulingano ngoomatshini kunye nokulingana kwemichiza, ikwi "equilibrium ye-thermodynamic". Ngokulingana, inkqubo ayinakho ukuguqula imeko yayo ngaphandle kokuba iarhente yangaphandle isebenze kuyo. Jonga umfanekiso 13.

Udonga

Iziko elivumela okanye lithintele unxibelelwano phakathi kweenkqubo. Ukuba udonga luvumela ukudlula kwento, kuthiwa ludonga olungena ngaphakathi. Udonga lwe-adiabatic lolunye aluvumeli ukutshintshwa kobushushu phakathi kweenkqubo ezimbini. Xa udonga luvumela ukuhanjiswa kwamandla obushushu kubizwa ngokuba ludonga lwediathermic. Jonga umfanekiso 14.

Izigqibo

Amandla kukukwazi ukuhambisa umcimbi. Oku kungaguqulwa ngokuguqula imeko okanye imeko yayo.

I-Thermodynamics yisayensi efunda ukutshintshiselana kunye notshintsho lwamandla kwiinkqubo. Uphononongo lwenguqu yamandla kwi-thermodynamics isekwe kwimithetho emine. Umthetho wokuqala nowesibini unxulumene nomgangatho kunye nobungakanani bamandla; Ngelixa umthetho wesithathu nowesine unxulumene neepropathi ze-thermodynamic (ubushushu kunye ne-entropy).

Ubushushu ngumlinganiso wenqanaba lokuphazamiseka kwemolekyuli ezenza umzimba, ngelixa ubushushu kukudluliselwa kwamandla obushushu phakathi kwemizimba emibini ekwiqondo lobushushu elahlukileyo.

Ukulingana kwe-Thermodynamic kubakho xa inkqubo ngaxeshanye kwi-thermal equilibrium, i-mechanical equilibrium, kunye ne-chemical equilibrium.

Enkosi-Qaphela: Ukuphuhliswa kweli nqaku siye sanelungelo lokufumana iingcebiso ze Ing. Marisol Pino, Ingcali kwizixhobo zolawulo kunye noLawulo.