Umgaqo kaPascal [ucaciswe ngokulula]

I-physicist yesiFrentshi kunye nesazi semathematika UBlaise Pascal (1623-1662), wenza amagalelo ahlukeneyo kwithiyori enokwenzeka, imathematics kunye nembali yendalo. Okona kwaziwayo ngumgaqo kaPascal, kwindlela yokuziphatha kulwelo.

Iposti kaPascal Ilula, kulula ukuyiqonda kwaye iluncedo kakhulu. Ngolingelo, uPascal ufumanisa ukuba uxinzelelo kulwelo, kwimeko yokuphumla, ludluliselwa ngokufanayo kulo lonke ivolumu nakuzo zonke iindlela.

Ingxelo kaPascal, Ngokusekwe kuphando lwamanzi, isetyenziselwa uyilo lweentlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo zombane ezifana noomatshini bokushicilela, iilifti, iziqhoboshi zemoto, phakathi kwabanye.

ImiGaqo esisiseko yokuqonda uMgaqo kaPascal

Uxinzelelo

Uxinzelelo ngumlinganiselo wamandla afakiweyo kwiyunithi nganye. Ilinganiswa kwiiyunithi ezinjengePascal, ibha, iatmosfera, iikhilogram ngokweesentimitha zesikwere, i-psi (ipawundi nge-intshi nganye), phakathi kwabanye. [1]

Uxinzelelo ngokulinganayo ulingana nomphezulu osetyenzisiweyo okanye indawo: indawo enkulu, uxinzelelo oluncinci, indawo encinci, uxinzelelo olukhulu. Umzekelo, kuMzobo 2 amandla ka-10 N abethelelwa kwisikhonkwane esincam saso sinendawo encinci kakhulu, ngelixa amandla afanayo ka-10 N esetyenziswa kwichizel leyo incam yayo inommandla omkhulu kunencam yesikhonkwane. Kuba isikhonkwane sinencam encinci kakhulu, onke amandla asetyenziswa kwincam yawo, esenza uxinzelelo olukhulu kuyo, ngelixa kwi-chisel, indawo enkulu ivumela amandla ukuba asasazwe ngakumbi, avelisa uxinzelelo oluncinci.

Esi siphumo sinokujongwa esantini okanye kwikhephu. Ukuba umntu obhinqileyo unxiba izihlangu zemidlalo okanye isihlangu esincinci kakhulu esithendeni, ngesihlangu esithende kakhulu esineenyawo zihlala zitshona ngakumbi kuba bonke ubunzima baso bugxile kwindawo encinci kakhulu (isithende).

Uxinzelelo lwe-Hydrostatic

Luxinzelelo olwenziwa lulwelo luphumle kudonga ngalunye lwesikhongozeli oluqukethe ulwelo. Kungenxa yokuba ulwelo luthatha ubume besikhongozeli kwaye luphumle, ngenxa yoko, kuyenzeka ukuba amandla afanayo asebenze kudonga ngalunye.

Ulwelo

Imicimbi inokuba kwimeko eqinileyo, engamanzi, enerhasi okanye yeplasma. Imeko kwimeko eqinileyo inesimo esithile kunye nevolumu. Ulwelo lunevolthi ecacileyo, kodwa alunabume buqinisekileyo, lwamkela ubume besikhongozeli esiqulathileyo, ngelixa iigesi zingenamthamo othile okanye imilo ecacileyo.

Ulwelo neegesi zithathwa "njengeencindi", kuba, kwezi, iimolekyuli zibanjwa ngokudibeneyo yimikhosi ebumbeneyo ebumbeneyo, xa iphantsi kwemikhosi ye-tangential ithanda ukuhamba, ishukuma kwisikhongozeli esiqulathileyo. Ulwelo ziinkqubo ezihamba rhoqo.

Izinto eziqinileyo zihambisa amandla asebenzayo kuyo, ngelixa kulwelo kunye noxinzelelo lweegesi zihanjiswa.

UMGAQO-NKQUBO WEPASCAL

I-physicist yesiFrentshi kunye nesazi semathematika uBlaise Pascal, wenza imirhumo eyahlukeneyo kwithiyori enokwenzeka, imathematics kunye nembali yendalo. Owona mgaqo waziwa ngegama lakhe kukuziphatha kolwelo. [2]

Ingxelo yoMgaqo-siseko kaPascal

Umgaqo kaPascal ithi uxinzelelo olwenziwe naphina kulwelo oluvalelweyo nolungafikelelekiyo ludluliselwa ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amacala kulwelo, oko kukuthi, uxinzelelo kulo lonke ulwelo luhlala luhleli. [3].

Umzekelo womgaqo kaPascal unokubonwa kwi Umzobo 3. Imingxunya yayisenziwa kwisitya kwaye yagqunywa ngeekhokho, emva koko zazaliswa ngamanzi (ulwelo) kwaza kwabekwa isiciko. Xa amandla efakwa kwisiciko sesikhongozeli, uxinzelelo luboniswa emanzini alinganayo macala onke, ibangela ukuba zonke izikhonkwane ezazisemingxunyeni ziphume.

Olunye lolona vavanyo lwakhe lwaziweyo lolwesirinji sikaPascal. Isirinji yagcwaliswa lulwelo kwaye yanxulunyaniswa nezinye iityhubhu, xa uxinzelelo lwalusenziwa kwisiponji sesirinji, ulwelo lwaphakama lwaya kubude obufanayo kumbhobho ngamnye. Yiyo ke loo nto kufunyenwe ukuba ukonyuka koxinzelelo kulwelo oluphumla ludluliselwa ngokufanayo kulo lonke ivolumu nakuwo onke amacala. [4].

UKUSETYENZISWA KWENKQUBO YEPASCAL

Ukusetyenziswa kwefayile ye- Umgaqo kaPascal Banokubonakala kubomi bemihla ngemihla kwizixhobo ezininzi ze-hydraulic ezinje ngoomatshini bokushicilela be-hydraulic, ii-hoists, iziqhoboshi kunye neejack.

Cinezela ngamanzi

Umatshini wokushicilela we-hydraulic sisixhobo esivumela ukwandisa imikhosi. Umgaqo wokusebenza, ngokusekwe kumgaqo kaPascal, usetyenziswa koomatshini bokushicilela, iilifti, iziqhoboshi, kunye nakwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zombane.

Iqukethe iisilinda ezimbini, zeendawo ezahlukeneyo, ezizaliswe ngeoyile (okanye enye into engamanzi) kwaye zazisiwe. Kukwakho iiplunger okanye iipiston ezimbini ezingena kwizilinda, ukuze zidibane nolwelo. [5].

Umzekelo wokushicilelwa kwe-hydraulic uboniswe kumfanekiso 4. Xa kusetyenziswa amandla e-F1 kwipiston yendawo encinci ye-A1, uxinzelelo lwenziwa kulwelo oluhanjiswa kwangoko ngaphakathi kweesilinda. Kwi-piston enendawo enkulu ye-A2, amandla e-F2 anamava, amakhulu kakhulu kunalawo asetyenzisiweyo, exhomekeke kwimilinganiselo yeendawo ze-A2 / A1.

Ukuzivocavoca 1. Ukuphakamisa imoto, ufuna ukwakha i-hydraulic jack. Bubuphi ubudlelwane ekufuneka iidayimitha ze-hydraulic ram zibenabo ubudlelwane ukuze ngokusebenzisa amandla we-100 N iphakamise imoto eyi-2500 kg kwipiston enkulu? Jonga umfanekiso 5.

Solution

Kwiijack hydraulic, umgaqo kaPascal uzalisekisiwe, apho uxinzelelo lweoyile ngaphakathi kwejack hydraulic ngokufanayo, kodwa amandla ayaphindaphindeka xa iipiston zinendawo ezahlukeneyo. Ukufumanisa ubungakanani bendawo yee-hydraulic jack pistons:

• Ngenxa yobunzima bemoto, i-2.500 kg, ofuna ukuyiphakamisa, misela ubunzima bemoto usebenzisa umthetho wesibini kaNewton. [6]

Siyakumema ukuba ubone eli nqaku Imithetho kaNewton "kulula ukuyiqonda"

• Kusetyenziswa umgaqo kaPascal, alinganisa uxinzelelo kwiipiston.
• Ubudlelwane bendawo yeeplugger buyacocwa kwaye amaxabiso afakwa endaweni yawo. Jonga umfanekiso 6.

Iindawo zepiston kufuneka zibe nomyinge wama-24,52, umzekelo, ukuba unepiston encinci eneradiyo eyi-3 cm (indawo A₁= 28,27 cm²I-plunger enkulu kufuneka ibe ne-radius eyi-14,8 cm (indawo A₂= 693,18 cm²).

Ilifti Hidraulic

Isinyusi esiyi-hydraulic sisixhobo esisetyenziswayo ukuphakamisa izinto ezinzima. Ukunyuswa kwe-Hydraulic kusetyenziswa kwiivenkile ezininzi zeemoto ukwenza ulungiso lwezithuthi eziphantsi.

Ukusebenza kweelifti hydraulic kusekwe kumgaqo kaPascal. Iziphakamisi ngokubanzi zisebenzisa ioyile ukuhambisa uxinzelelo kwiipiston. Imoto yombane isebenze impompo ye-hydraulic efaka uxinzelelo kwipiston enendawo encinci. Kwipiston enendawo enkulu, amandla "andisiwe", ekwazi ukuphakamisa izithuthi ukuba zilungiswe. Jonga umfanekiso 7.

Ukuzivocavoca 2. Fumana owona mthwalo mkhulu unokuphakanyiswa ngesinyusi esibonisa ukuba amanzi akweyona ndawo ipiston incinci ingama-28 cm2, kwaye eyona yona ipiston inkulu ingu-1520 cm2, xa owona mandla ungasetyenziswa ungama-500 N. Bona umzobo 8.

Isixazululo:

Kuba umgaqo kaPascal uzalisekisiwe kwii-hydraulic lifters, uxinzelelo kwiipiston luyakulingana, ke ngoko ukwazi amandla aphezulu anokusetyenziswa kwipiston encinci, amandla amakhulu aya kusetyenziswa kwipiston enkulu ibalwa (F2), njenge kubonisiwe kumfanekiso 9.

Ukwazi ubunzima obukhulu (F2) obunokuphakanyiswa, ubunzima bunqunyiwe kusetyenziswa umthetho wesibini kaNewton [6], kungoko izithuthi ezinobunzima obufikelela kwi-2766,85 kg zinokuphakanyiswa. Jonga umzobo 10. Ngokwetafile ekumfanekiso 8, kubungakanani bemoto, kuphela iimoto ezihlangeneyo ezinobunzima obumalunga ne-2.500 kg ezinokuphakanyiswa ngokunyusa.

Iziqhoboshi ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi

Iziqhoboshi zisetyenziswa kwizithuthi ukubacothisa okanye ukubamisa ngokupheleleyo. Ngokubanzi, iziqhoboshi ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi kufuneka indlela efana naleyo iboniswe mzobo. Ukucinezela i-pedal pedal kusebenza kumandla ohanjiswa kwindawo encinci yepiston. Amandla asetyenziswayo adala uxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwi-brake fluid. [7].

Kulwelo uxinzelelo lusasazwa macala onke, ukuya kuthi ga kwipistoni yesibini apho amandla enyuswe. I-piston isebenza kwiidiski okanye kwiidrama zokuqhekeza amavili esithuthi.

IZIQINISEKISO

Umgaqo kaPascal ithi, kulwelo olungenakuthelekiswa nanto xa luphumle, uxinzelelo luhlala luhleli kulwelo lonke. Uxinzelelo olwenziwe naphina kulwelo oluvalelweyo ludluliselwa ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amacala kunye nezalathiso.

Phakathi kwezicelo ze Umgaqo kaPascal Kukho izixhobo ezininzi ze-hydraulic ezinje ngoomatshini bokushicilela, iilifti, iziqhoboshi kunye neejack, izixhobo ezivumela ukuba zikhulise imikhosi, ngokobudlelwane beendawo ekufakweni kwesixhobo.

Sukuyeka ukuphonononga iwebhusayithi yethu Umthetho waseNewton, Imigaqo ye-Thermodynamic, i Umgaqo kaBernoulli phakathi kwezinye umdla kakhulu.

IZALATHISO

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]