Thermodynamics, zvazviri uye mashandisiro ayo

Thermodynamics isainzi yakanangana nekudzidza kwesimba. Thermodynamic maitiro anoitika zuva nezuva muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, mudzimba, mumaindasitiri, pamwe nekushandurwa kwesimba, senge mumidziyo yekumisa mweya, mafiriji, mota, mabhaira, pakati pevamwe. Nekudaro kukosha kwekudzidza kweThermodynamics, kwakavakirwa pamitemo mina yakakosha inosimbisa hukama pakati pehunhu uye huwandu hwesimba, uye iyo thermodynamic zvivakwa.

Kuti unzwisise mitemo yeThermodynamics, nenzira iri nyore, munhu anofanira kutanga kubva pane mamwe mafungidziro akakosha anoratidzwa pazasi, senge simba, kupisa, tembiricha, pakati pevamwe.

Tinokukoka iwe kuti uone iyo chinyorwa Simba reMutemo waWatt (Zvikumbiro - Maekisesaizi)

Thermodynamics

A bit of history:

Thermodynamics inoongorora kutsinhana uye shanduko yesimba mumaitiro. Nechekare muma1600s Galileo akatanga kuita zvidzidzo munzvimbo ino, pamwe nekugadzirwa kweiyo thermometer yegirazi, uye hukama hwehukama hwemvura uye tembiricha yayo.

Neshanduko yemabhizimusi, zvidzidzo zvinoitwa kuti uzive hukama pakati pekupisa, basa uye simba remafuta, pamwe nekuvandudza mashandiro mumainjini emagetsi, ari kubuda Thermodynamics sesainzi yekudzidza, kubva 1697 neinjiniya yeThomas Savery. Mitemo yekutanga neyechipiri yethermodynamics yakagadzwa muna 1850. Vazhinji masayendisiti saJoule, Kelvin, Clausius, Boltzmann, Carnot, Clapeyron, Gibbs, Maxwell, pakati pevamwe, vakabatsira mukuvandudzwa kwesainzi iyi, "Thermodynamics."

Chii chinonzi thermodynamics?

Thermodynamics isainzi inodzidza kushandurwa kwesimba. Kubva pakutanga zvakadzidzwa maitiro ekushandura kupisa kuita simba, mumainjini emagetsi, mazwi echiGiriki "thermos" uye "dynamis" akashandiswa kutumidza sainzi iyi nyowani, achiumba izwi rekuti "thermodynamics". Ona mufananidzo 1.

Thermodynamic Zvikumbiro

Iyo nzvimbo yekushandisa kwethermodynamics yakafara kwazvo. Iko kushandurwa kwesimba kunoitika munzira dzakawanda kubva mumuviri wemunhu, pamwe nekugaya kwechikafu, kunyangwe mune akawanda maindasitiri maitiro ekugadzira zvigadzirwa. Mudzimba mune zvakare zvishandiso uko thermodynamics inoiswa kune simbi, mvura yekupisa mvura, mhepo inodziya, pakati pevamwe. Iwo masisitimu ethermodynamics anoshandiswawo munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, senge mumagetsi magetsi, mota, uye maroketi. Ona mufananidzo 2.

Nheyo dze Thermodynamics

Simba (E)

Imba yechero chinhu chakasarudzika kana chisiri-chemuviri muviri kana system inogona kushandurwa nekugadzirisa mamiriro ayo kana nyika. Iyo inotsanangurwawo sekugona kana kugona kufambisa nyaya. Mumufananidzo 3 unogona kuona mamwe magetsi.

Mafomu esimba

Simba rinouya nenzira dzakasiyana, senge mhepo, magetsi, mehendi, simba renyukireya, pakati pevamwe. Mukudzidza kwe thermodynamics, kinetic simba, simba rinobvira uye simba remukati remitumbi zvinoshandiswa. Iyo kinetic simba (Ec) inoenderana nekumhanya, iro rinogona kuita simba (Ep) nekukwirira uye simba remukati (U) nekufamba kwemamorekuru emukati. Ona mufananidzo 4.

Pisa (Q):

Kutamisa kwesimba rinopisa pakati pemiviri miviri iri pane tembiricha dzakasiyana. Kupisa kunoyerwa muJoule, BTU, paundi-tsoka, kana mumakori.

Kupisa (T):

Icho chiyero chesinetic simba emaatomu kana mamorekuru anoita chero chinhu chechinhu. Iyo inoyera mwero wekushushikana kwemamorekuru emukati echinhu, yesimba rayo rinopisa. Iyo yakakura kufamba kwemamorekuru, inowedzera tembiricha. Inoyerwa mumadhigirii Celsius, madigiri Kelvin, madhigirii Rankine, kana madigiri Fahrenheit. Mumufananidzo 5 kuenzana pakati pezvimwe zviyero tembiricha zvinoratidzwa.

Thermodynamic Misimboti

Kudzidza kweshanduko yesimba mu thermodynamics kunoenderana nemitemo mina. Mitemo yekutanga neyechipiri zvinoenderana nehunhu uye huwandu hwesimba; nepo mutemo wechitatu newechina uchienderana ne thermodynamic zvivakwa (tembiricha uye entropy). Ona nhamba 6 ne7.

Kutanga Mutemo weThermodynamics:

Mutemo wekutanga unosimbisa chirevo chekuchengetedza simba. Simba rinogona kuendeswa kubva kune mumwe muviri kuenda kune mumwe, kana kuchinjirwa kune imwe nzira yesimba, asi rinogara richichengetedzwa, saka huwandu hwesimba hwese hunogara hwakagara.

Riding skating ndiyo yakanaka muenzaniso weMutemo weKuchengetedza kwesimba, uko kunowanikwa kuti simba harigadzwe kana kuparadzwa, asi rinoshandurwa kuita imwe mhando yesimba. Kune muverengi akafanana neuyo ari mumufananidzo 8, apo chete simba rinokwevera rinokanganisa, tinofanirwa ku:

• Chinzvimbo 1: Kana muaizi ari pamusoro pechikwiriso, ane simba remukati uye simba rinokwanisa nekuda kwehurefu hwaari, asi simba rake renyukireya riri zero sezvo asiri kufamba (kumhanya = 0 m / s).
• Chinzvimbo 2: Sezvo skater inotanga kutsvedza pasi ramp, kukwirira kunodzikira, kudzikisira simba remukati uye simba rinogoneka, asi ichiwedzera simba rayo reinetic, nekumhanyisa kwayo. Simba rinoshandurwa kuita kinetic simba. Kana iyo skater yasvika pakadzika kwazvo pamugwagwa (chinzvimbo chechipiri), simba raanogona kuita zero (kukwirira = 2m), nepo achiwana kumhanya kwakanyanya murwendo rwake rwekudzika nemugwagwa.
• Chinzvimbo 3: Ramp painenge ichikwira, iyo skater inorasikirwa nekumhanya, ichideredza simba rayo renyukireya, asi simba remukati rinowedzera, uye simba rinenge riine simba, sezvaanowana kukwirira.

Mutemo wechipiri we thermodynamics:

Mutemo wechipiri une hukama ne "mhando" yesimba, mukugadzirisa kweshanduko uye / kana kuendesa simba. Uyu mutemo unosimbisa kuti mune chaiko maitiro mhando yemagetsi inowanzo kudzikira. Tsananguro yeiyo thermodynamic chivakwa "entropy" inosumwa. Mune zvirevo zvemutemo wechipiri, inosimbiswa kana maitiro achigona kuitika uye kana asingakwanise, kunyangwe kana mutemo wekutanga uchiramba uchiteererwa. Ona mufananidzo 9.

Zero Mutemo:

Mutemo weziro unoti kana masisitimu maviri akaenzana nechetatu ari muchiyero nemumwe. Semuenzaniso, paMufananidzo 10, kana A iri muhutano hwekupisa neC, uye C iri mukuyanana kwekupisa neB, ipapo A iri muhutano hwekupisa neB.

Dzimwe pfungwa dzeTermodynamics

System

Chikamu chechisiko icho chiri chekufarira kana kudzidza. Kune iyo mukombe wekofi muMufananidzo 11, iyo "system" ndiyo zvirimo mukombe (kofi) uko kuchinjiswa kwesimba rinopisa kunogona kudzidza. Ona mufananidzo 12. [4]

Zvakatipoteredza

Ndiwo zvimwe zvakasara zvekunze kune iyo system iri pasi pekudzidza. Mumufananidzo 12, kapu yekofi inoonekwa se "muganho" uyo une kofi (system) uye zviri kunze kwemukombe (muganho) ndiyo "nharaunda" yehurongwa.

Thermodynamic Kuenzana

State umo zvivakwa zvehurongwa zvakanyatsotsanangurwa uye hazvisiyane nekufamba kwenguva. Kana sisitimu ichiratidza kuenzana kwekupisa, kuenzana kwechimakanika uye kuenzana kwemakemikari, iri mu "thermodynamic equilibrium". Mukuenzana, sisitimu haigone kuchinjisa nyika yayo kunze kwekunge mumiriri wekunze achizvibata. Ona mufananidzo 13.

Wall

Sangano rinotendera kana kudzivirira kusangana pakati pesystem. Kana iyo madziro ichibvumidza kupfuura kwezvinhu, inonzi irwo rusvingo runopfuurira. Rusvingo rweadhiabatic ndirwo risingatenderi kupisa kupisa pakati pemaitiro maviri. Kana iyo madziro ichibvumidza kuchinjisa kwesimba rinopisa inonzi diathermic wall. Ona mufananidzo 14.

CONCLUSIONS

Simba ndiko kugona kufambisa nyaya. Izvi zvinogona kushandurwa nekugadzirisa mamiriro azvo kana nyika.

Thermodynamics isainzi inotsvaga kuchinjanisa uye kushandurwa kwesimba muzvirongwa. Kudzidza kweshanduko yesimba mu thermodynamics kunoenderana nemitemo mina. Mitemo yekutanga neyechipiri inoenderana nehunhu uye huwandu hwesimba; nepo mutemo wechitatu newechina uchienderana ne thermodynamic zvivakwa (tembiricha uye entropy).

Tembiricha chiyero chedanho rekushushikana kwema mamorekuru anoita muviri, nepo kupisa kuri kuchinjisa kwesimba rinopisa pakati pemiviri miviri iri pane tembiricha dzakasiyana.

Thermodynamic equilibrium iripo kana iyo system iri panguva imwe chete mune yekushisa kuenzana, mechina equilibrium, uye kemikari equilibrium.

Ndatenda-iwe cherekedza: Zvekuvandudzwa kwechinyorwa chino takave nerukudzo rwekuva nezano re Ing. Marisol Pino, Nyanzvi muindasitiri yekushandisa uye kudzora.