Nheyo yaPascal [inotsanangurwa zviri nyore]
Iye wechiFizikiki wefizikisi uye wemasvomhu Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), akapa zvipo zvakasiyana siyana mukufungidzira dzidziso, masvomhu uye nhoroondo yechisikigo. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa musimboti waPascal, pamafambiro emvura.
Pascal's postulate zviri nyore, zviri nyore kunzwisisa uye zvinobatsira kwazvo. Kuburikidza nekuyedza, Pascal anoona kuti kumanikidzwa mune zvinwiwa, mune zororo, kunotapurirana zvakafanana muvhoriyamu uye munzira dzese.
Chirevo chaPascal, Zvichienderana nekudzidza kwemvura, inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemidziyo yemagetsi yakadai semuchina, maelevheti, mabhureki emota, pakati pevamwe.
Basic Concepts kuti unzwisise Pascal's Nheyo
Kushingaira
Iko kumanikidza ndicho chiyero chesimba rinoshandiswa panzvimbo yeyuniti. Iyo inoyerwa muzvikamu zvakaita sePascal, bhawa, mhepo, makirogiramu pamakiromita masendimita, psi (pondo pa square mita), pakati pevamwe. [1]
Iko kumanikidza inopindirana zvakaenzana neyakaiswa pamusoro kana nzvimbo: nzvimbo yakakura, kudzvinyirira kushoma, nzvimbo kushoma, kumanikidza zvakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, muMufananidzo 2 simba re10 N rinoiswa pachipikiri chine muromo une nzvimbo diki kwazvo, asi simba rakafanana re10 N rinoiswa pane chisel ine tipi ine nzvimbo yakakura kudarika chipikiri. Sezvo chipikiri chiine chipikiri chidiki kwazvo, simba rese rinoiswa pamuromo waro, richimanikidza zvakanyanya, pachiri muchisel, nzvimbo hombe inobvumira kuti simba rigovanwe zvakanyanya, zvichikonzera kumanikidza kushoma.
Izvi zvinogona zvakare kucherechedzwa mujecha kana chando. Kana mukadzi akapfeka shangu yemitambo kana shangu shoma kwazvo yechitsitsinho, ine shangu yakanaka-chitsitsinho inowanzo nyura zvakanyanya sezvo huremu hwayo hwese hwakanamira munzvimbo diki kwazvo (chitsitsinho).
Hydrostatic kumanikidza
Iko kumanikidza kunoitwa nemvura inozorora pane imwe neimwe yemadziro emudziyo une mvura yacho. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mvura inotora chimiro chemudziyo uye iri pakuzorora, semhedzisiro, zvinoitika kuti yunifomu simba rinoshanda pane imwe neimwe yemadziro.
Fluids
Nyaya inogona kuve yakasimba, mvura, gasi kana plasma mamiriro. Nyaya mune yakasimba mamiriro ine chaiyo chimiro uye vhoriyamu. Liquid ine vhoriyamu chaiyo, asi kwete chimiro chaicho, ichigamuchira chimiro chemudziyo urimo, nepo magasi asina vhoriyamu chaiyo kana chimiro chaicho.
Liquid uye magasi anoonekwa se "zvinwiwa", nekuti, mune aya mamorekuru anobatanidzwa pamwechete neasina kusimba masimba akabatana, paanoiswa kumasimba ane tambo anowanzo famba, achifamba mumudziyo une iwo. Fluid masisitimu ari mukufamba kwenguva.
Zvinhu zvakasimba zvinopfuudza simba rinoiswa pachiri, nepo mune zvinwiwa uye magasi kumanikidzwa kuchipfuudzwa.
ZVINOTAURWA NEPASCAL
Nyanzvi yechiFrench yefizikisi uye yemasvomhu Blaise Pascal akapa zvipo zvakasiyana siyana mukufungidzira dzidziso, masvomhu, uye nhoroondo yechisikigo. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa musimboti une zita rake pamafambiro emvura. [2]
Chirevo chePascal's Nheyo
Nheyo yaPascal inotaura kuti kumanikidza kunoitwa chero mukati memvura yakavharika uye isinganzwisisike inopfuudzwa zvakaenzana kumativi ese mukati memvura, ndiko kuti, kumanikidza kuri mukati memvura iyi kunogara kuripo. [3].
Muenzaniso wepfungwa yaPascal unogona kuonekwa muMufananidzo 3. Makomba akagadzirwa mumudziyo uye akavharwa nemakokora, ndokuzadzwa nemvura (fluid) uye muvharo wakaiswa. Kana simba rikaiswa pachivharo chemudziyo, kumanikidzwa kunoonekwa mumvura iyo yakaenzana kumativi ese, zvichikonzera kuti macorks ese aive mumakomba abude.
Imwe yemiedzo yake yaizivikanwa kwazvo yaive yesirinji yaPascal. Iyo sirinji yakanga yakazadzwa nemvura uye yakabatana kune mamwe machubhu, apo kumanikidzwa kwaiitwa pane plunger yesirinji, mvura yacho yakakwira kusvika pakukwirira kwakafanana mune yega yega machubhu. Nekudaro, zvakaonekwa kuti kuwedzera kwekumanikidza kwemvura iri pazororo inopfuudzwa zvakafanana muvhoriyamu uye munzira dzese. [4].
KUSHANDISWA KWEMAZANO EPASCAL
Iko kunyorera kweiyo Nheyo yaPascal Ivo vanogona kuoneka muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva mune akawanda hydraulic michina senge hydraulic michina, hoists, mabhureki uye jacks.
Hydraulic muchina
Iyo hydraulic yekudhinda icho chigadzirwa chinobvumira kuwedzera masimba. Iyo yekushandisa musimboti, yakavakirwa pachisungo chaPascal, inoshandiswa mumadhindaini, maelevheti, mabhureki, uye mune dzakasiyana siyana ma hydraulic zvishandiso.
Inosanganisira maviri masirinda, enzvimbo dzakasiyana, akazadzwa nemafuta (kana imwe mvura) uye anotaurirana. Kune zvakare ma plunger kana mapiston maviri anokwana muzvigadziri, kuitira kuti ivo vasangane neiyo fluid. [5].
Muenzaniso we hydraulic wokudhinda unoratidzwa mumufananidzo 4. Kana simba F1 rikaiswa kune iyo pisitoni yenzvimbo diki A1, kumanikidza kunogadzirwa mune iyo mvura iyo inopfuudzwa ipapo mukati memasilinda. Mune pisitoni ine nzvimbo yakakura A2, simba F2 rine ruzivo, rakakura kwazvo kupfuura iro raishandiswa, zvinoenderana nematanho enzvimbo A2 / A1.
Exercise 1. Kusimudza mota, unoda kuvaka hydraulic jack. Ukama hupi hunofanira kunge hupamhi hwemaginidhiramu emvura ane gondohwe kuitira kuti nekushandisa simba re100 N inokwanisa kusimudza mota inosvika 2500 kg pa piston hombe? Ona mufananidzo 5.
Solution
Mumakomba emagetsi, Pascal musimboti unozadzikiswa, uko kumanikidzwa kwemafuta mukati meiyo hydraulic jack kwakafanana, asi mauto "akawedzeredzwa" kana mapiston aine nzvimbo dzakasiyana. Kuti uone chiyero chenharaunda ye hydraulic jack pistons:
- Zvichipa huremu hwemotokari, 2.500 kg, iyo yaunoda kusimudza, unogona kuona huremu hwemotokari uchishandisa mutemo wechipiri waNewton. [6]
Tinokukoka iwe kuti uone iyo chinyorwa Mitemo yaNewton "iri nyore kunzwisisa"
- Nheyo yaPascal inoshandiswa, kuenzanisa kumanikidza kuri mumapiston.
- Hukama hwenzvimbo yemapurunger hunowanikwa uye hunhu hwatsiviwa. Ona mufananidzo 6.
Nzvimbo dzepiston dzinofanirwa kuve neiyero ye24,52, semuenzaniso, kana iwe uine diki pisitoni ine nharaunda ye3 cm (nharaunda A1= 28,27 cm2), iyo hombe plunger inofanirwa kuve nenharaunda ye 14,8 cm (nharaunda A2= 693,18 cm2).
Hidraulic erevheta
Hydraulic lift chinhu chinogadzirwa nemagetsi chinoshandiswa kusimudza zvinhu zvinorema. MaHydraulic anosimudza anoshandiswa mune akawanda mashopu emota kuti agadzire pasi-mota kugadzirisa.
Iko kushanda kwe hydraulic lifts kunoenderana nesimba raPascal. Maelevator anowanzo shandisa mafuta kuendesa kumanikidza kumapiston. Injini yemagetsi inomisa pombi ye hydraulic iyo inomanikidza pisitoni nenzvimbo diki kwazvo. MuPiston ine nzvimbo yakakura kwazvo, simba "rakawedzerwa", richikwanisa kusimudza mota kuti dzigadziriswe. Ona mufananidzo 7.
Exercise 2. Tsvaga mwero wepamusoro ungasimudzwa ne hydraulic lift ine pisitoni diki pane pisitoni iri 28 cm2, uye yepiston hombe ndeye 1520 cm2, apo simba rakanyanya rinogona kuiswa riri 500 N. Ona mufananidzo 8.
Solution:
Sezvo musimboti waPascal uchizadzikiswa muma hydraulic lifters, kumanikidzwa kuri pamapiston kuchaenzana, nekudaro nekuziva iro simba rakakura rinogona kuiswa papistoni diki, iro simba rakakura rinozoitwa papisitoni hombe rakaverengerwa (F2), se inoratidzwa mumufananidzo 9.
Kuziva huremu hwepamusoro (F2) hunogona kusimudzwa, huremu hwakatemerwa kushandisa mutemo wechipiri waNewton [6], nokudaro mota dzinorema kusvika 2766,85 kg dzinogona kusimudzwa. Ona mufananidzo 10. Zvinoenderana netafura iri pamufananidzo 8, yemavhareji emotokari, kusimudza kuchakwanisa chete kusimudza mota dzinoenderana nehuremu hwehuremu hwe2.500 kg.
Hydraulic mabhureki
Mabhureki anoshandiswa pamotokari kudzora kana kumisa zvachose. Kazhinji, hydraulic mabhureki ane mashandiro senge anoratidzwa mumufananidzo. Kushungurudza bhureki rekumisa kunoshandisa simba rinoendeswa kune diki nzvimbo pisitoni. Iko rinoshandiswa simba rinogadzira kumanikidza mukati meiyo brake fluid. [7].
Muiri mvura kumanikidza kunoendeswa kwese kwese, kusvika pisitoni repiri panowedzerwazve simba. Iyo pisitoni inoshanda pamadhisiki kana madhiramu ekupwanya matai emota.
CONCLUSIONS
Nheyo yaPascal inotaura kuti, kuitira mvura isinganzwisisike pazororo, kumanikidza kunogara kuri mukati memvura. Iko kumanikidza kunoitwa chero kupi mukati memvura yakavharirwa inopfuudzwa zvakaenzana mumativi ese uye nzira.
Pakati pekushandisa kwe Nheyo yaPascal Kune akawanda hydraulic michina senge michina yekudhinda, maelevheti, mabhureki uye majeki, zvishandiso zvinobvumidza kukwidziridza masimba, zvinoenderana nehukama hwenzvimbo dziri mune plunger dzechigadzirwa.
Usarega kuongorora pane webhusaiti yedu iyo Newton mutemo, Thermodynamic misimboti, the Nheyo yaBernoulli pakati pevamwe inonakidza kwazvo.