Thermodynamics, chomwe chiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake

Thermodynamics ndi sayansi yozikidwa pakuphunzira mphamvu. Njira za Thermodynamic zimachitika tsiku ndi tsiku m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, m'nyumba, m'mafakitale, pakusintha kwa mphamvu, monga zida zowongolera mpweya, mafiriji, magalimoto, zotentha, pakati pa ena. Chifukwa chake kufunikira kwa kuphunzira kwa Thermodynamics, kutengera malamulo anayi omwe amakhazikitsa ubale pakati pa mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, komanso mphamvu zamagetsi.

Kuti mumvetsetse malamulo a Thermodynamics, m'njira yosavuta, munthu ayenera kuyambira pazinthu zoyambira zomwe zawululidwa pansipa, monga mphamvu, kutentha, kutentha, pakati pa ena.

Tikukupemphani kuti muwone nkhaniyi Mphamvu ya Chilamulo cha Watt (Mapulogalamu - Zochita)

Thermodynamics

Mbiri yaing'ono:

Thermodynamics imasanthula kusinthana ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu pochita. M'zaka za m'ma 1600 Galileo adayamba kuchita kafukufuku m'derali, ndikupanga makina opanga magalasi, komanso ubale wa kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kutentha kwake.

Ndikusintha kwa mafakitale, kafukufuku amachitika kuti adziwe ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kutentha, ntchito ndi mphamvu zamafuta, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito a injini za nthunzi, thermodynamics yomwe ikubwera ngati sayansi yophunzirira, kuyambira 1697 ndi injini ya nthunzi ya Thomas Savery . Malamulo oyamba ndi achiwiri a thermodynamics adakhazikitsidwa mu 1850. Asayansi ambiri monga Joule, Kelvin, Clausius, Boltzmann, Carnot, Clapeyron, Gibbs, Maxwell, mwa ena, adathandizira kukulitsa sayansi iyi, "Thermodynamics."

Kodi thermodynamics ndi chiyani?

Thermodynamics ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira zamphamvu zamagetsi. Kuyambira poyambirira zidaphunziridwa momwe zingasinthire kutentha kukhala mphamvu, mu injini za nthunzi, mawu achi Greek "thermos" ndi "dynamis" adagwiritsidwa ntchito kutchula sayansi yatsopanoyi, ndikupanga mawu oti "thermodynamics". Onani chithunzi 1.

Mapulogalamu a Thermodynamic

Malo ogwiritsira ntchito thermodynamics ndi otakata kwambiri. Kusintha kwa mphamvu kumachitika m'njira zingapo kuchokera m'thupi la munthu, ndikupukusa chakudya, kuzinthu zambiri zamafakitale pakupanga zinthu. M'nyumba mulinso zida zomwe thermodynamics imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo, zotenthetsera madzi, zowongolera mpweya, pakati pa ena. Mfundo za thermodynamics zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana, monga m'malo opangira magetsi, magalimoto, ndi maroketi. Onani chithunzi 2.

Maziko a Thermodynamics

Mphamvu (E)

Katundu wa chinthu chilichonse kapena chinthu china chilichonse chomwe chingasinthidwe posintha momwe zinthu zilili kapena boma. Amatanthauzidwanso kuti kuthekera kapena kuthekera kosuntha zinthu. Chithunzi 3 mutha kuwona zamagetsi.

Mitundu yamagetsi

Mphamvu zimabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga mphepo, magetsi, makina, mphamvu ya nyukiliya, mwa zina. Pakafukufuku wa thermodynamics, mphamvu zamagetsi, mphamvu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito komanso mphamvu zamkati zamatupi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mphamvu ya kinetic (Ec) imagwirizana ndi kuthamanga, mphamvu (Ep) yokhala ndi kutalika komanso mphamvu zamkati (U) ndimayendedwe amolekyulu amkati. Onani chithunzi 4.

Kutentha (Q):

Kutumiza kwa mphamvu yamafuta pakati pa matupi awiri omwe ali osiyana kutentha. Kutentha kumayeza Joule, BTU, mapaundi-mapazi, kapena ma calories.

Kutentha (T):

Ndiwo muyeso wa mphamvu yakuya yamaatomu kapena mamolekyulu omwe amapanga chinthu chilichonse. Imayeza kukula kwa mamolekyulu amkati mwa chinthu, mphamvu yake yamphamvu. Kukula kwakukulu kwa mamolekyulu, kumakwezanso kutentha. Amayeza madigiri Celsius, madigiri Kelvin, madigiri Rankine, kapena madigiri Fahrenheit. Chithunzi 5 kufanana pakati pamiyeso ina ya kutentha kumaperekedwa.

Mfundo za Thermodynamic

Kafukufuku wosintha mphamvu mu thermodynamics kutengera malamulo anayi. Malamulo oyamba ndi achiwiri amakhudzana ndi mtundu wa mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu; pomwe malamulo achitatu ndi achinayi amakhudzana ndi zida za thermodynamic (kutentha ndi entropy). Onani chithunzi 6 ndi 7.

Lamulo Loyamba la Thermodynamics:

Lamulo loyamba limakhazikitsa mfundo yosungira mphamvu. Mphamvu zimatha kusamutsidwa kuchoka ku thupi lina kupita ku linzake, kapena kusinthidwa kukhala mtundu wina wa mphamvu, koma zimasungidwa nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake mphamvu zonse zimakhala nthawi zonse.

Njira yokhotakhota ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha Lamulo la Kusunga mphamvu, komwe kumapezeka kuti mphamvu simapangidwa kapena kuwonongedwa, koma imasandulika mtundu wina wamagetsi. Kwa skater ngati yemwe ali pachithunzi 8, pomwe mphamvu yokoka ndiyomwe imakopa, tiyenera:

• Udindo 1: Pamene skater ali pamwamba pamakwerero, ali ndi mphamvu zamkati ndi mphamvu chifukwa cha kutalika kwake, koma mphamvu zake zimakhala zero chifukwa sakuyenda (speed = 0 m / s).
• Udindo 2: Pamene skater akuyamba kutsetsereka kukwereka, kutalika kumachepa, kumachepetsa mphamvu zamkati ndi mphamvu zomwe zingatheke, koma kukulitsa mphamvu zake, chifukwa liwiro lake limakulirakulira. Mphamvu imasandulika kukhala mphamvu yakuyenda. Skater akafika pamalo otsika kwambiri a mpandawo (malo 2), mphamvu zake zimakhala zero (kutalika = 0m), pomwe amafulumira kwambiri paulendo wake wopita kumtunda.
• Udindo 3: Pamene ramp ikukwera, skater amataya liwiro, amachepetsa mphamvu zake, koma mphamvu zamkati zimawonjezeka, komanso mphamvu zomwe zingathe, popeza akukwera kutalika.

Lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics:

Lamulo lachiwiri limakhudzana ndi "mphamvu" yamagetsi, pakukweza kutembenuka ndi / kapena kufalitsa mphamvu. Lamuloli limatsimikizira kuti zenizeni mphamvu yamagetsi imachepa. Kutanthauzira kwa malo a thermodynamic "entropy" kumayambitsidwa. M'mawu a lamulo lachiwiri, zimakhazikitsidwa pomwe njira zimatha kuchitika komanso ngati sizingatheke, ngakhale lamulo loyambalo likupitilizabe kutsatira. Onani chithunzi 9.

Lamulo Zero:

Lamulo la zero limanena kuti ngati machitidwe awiri mofanana ndi gawo lachitatu ali mofanana. Mwachitsanzo, pa Chithunzi 10, ngati A ali ofanana ndi C, ndipo C ali mgawo limodzi ndi B, ndiye A ali mgwirizanowu ndi B.

Mfundo zina za Tkutchera

Mchitidwe

Gawo lachilengedwe lomwe lili losangalatsa kapena lowerengera. Kwa kapu ya khofi mu Chithunzi 11, "dongosolo" ndi zomwe zili mu kapu (khofi) momwe kusamutsidwa kwa mphamvu yamafuta kumatha kuphunziridwa. Onani chithunzi 12. [4]

Chilengedwe

Ndi chilengedwe chonse kunja kwa dongosolo lomwe likuwerengedwa. Chithunzi 12, chikho cha khofi chimawerengedwa kuti "malire" omwe ali ndi khofi (makina) ndipo kunja kwa chikho (malire) ndi "chilengedwe" cha dongosololi.

Mgwirizano wa Thermodynamic

Nenani momwe zinthu za dongosololi zimafotokozedwera bwino ndipo sizimasiyana pakapita nthawi. Makina akamapereka kufanana kwamatenthedwe, kufanana kwama makina ndi kufanana kwa mankhwala, amakhala mu "thermodynamic equilibrium". Mofanana, dongosolo silingasinthe boma pokhapokha ngati wothandizira wakunja achitapo kanthu. Onani chithunzi 13.

Khoma

Kampani yomwe imalola kapena kuletsa kuyanjana pakati pama kachitidwe. Ngati khoma limaloleza kudutsa zinthu, akuti ndi khoma lopitilira. Khoma la adiabatic ndi lomwe sililola kutenthetsa kutentha pakati pama kachitidwe awiri. Khomalo likaloleza kusamutsa kwamphamvu kwamatenthedwe amatchedwa khoma lazokonda. Onani chithunzi 14.

pozindikira

Mphamvu ndikutha kusunthira chinthu. Izi zitha kusinthidwa ndikusintha momwe zinthu zilili.

Thermodynamics ndi sayansi yomwe imasanthula kusinthana ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu pochita. Kafukufuku wosintha mphamvu mu thermodynamics kutengera malamulo anayi. Malamulo oyamba ndi achiwiri amakhudzana ndi mtundu wa mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu; pomwe malamulo achitatu ndi achinayi amakhudzana ndi zida za thermodynamic (kutentha ndi entropy).

Kutentha ndiyeso ya kukula kwa mamolekyulu omwe amapanga thupi, pomwe kutentha ndiko kusamutsa kwamphamvu kwamphamvu pakati pa matupi awiri omwe ali osiyana kutentha.

Thermodynamic equilibrium imakhalapo pomwe dongosololi limakhala munthawi yomweyo, chimodzimodzi ndi makina ofanana.

Zikomo-mukudziwa: Pakukula kwa nkhaniyi takhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi upangiri wa Ing. Marisol Pino, Katswiri pa Zida Zamakampani ndi Kuwongolera.