Mfundo ya Pascal [yofotokozedwa mosavuta]

Wasayansi waku France komanso wamasamu Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), adapereka zopereka zosiyanasiyana pamalingaliro akuti mwina, masamu komanso mbiri yakale. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi mfundo ya Pascal, pamakhalidwe amadzi.

Zolemba za Pascal ndichosavuta, chosavuta kumva komanso chothandiza kwambiri. Kudzera mwa zoyeserera, Pascal amapeza kuti kukakamizidwa mumadzimadzi, kupumula, kumafalikira mofananira voliyumu yonse komanso mbali zonse.

Mawu a Pascal, Kutengera ndi kafukufuku wamadzimadzi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zamagetsi zosiyanasiyana monga makina osindikizira, zikepe, mabuleki agalimoto, pakati pa ena.

Mfundo zoyambira kuti mumvetsetse Mfundo ya Pascal

Kuthamanga

Kupanikizika ndi chiŵerengero cha mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'dera lililonse. Amayeza m'mayunitsi monga Pascal, bar, space, kilograms pa sentimita imodzi, psi (mapaundi pa inchi imodzi), pakati pa ena. [1]

Kupanikizika ndi ofanana molingana ndi malo omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito kapena dera: kwambiri m'deralo, zochepa kuthamanga, zochepa m'deralo, kwambiri kuthamanga. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chithunzi 2 mphamvu ya 10 N imagwira msomali womwe nsonga yake ili ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri, pomwe mphamvu yomweyo ya 10 N imagwiritsidwa ntchito pachizere chomwe nsonga yake ili ndi malo okulirapo kuposa nsomali. Popeza kuti msomaliwo uli ndi kachigawo kakang'ono kwambiri, mphamvu yonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito kunsonga yake, kumapanikizika kwambiri, pomwe pachisacho malo okulirapo amalola kuti mphamvu igawidwe kwambiri, ndikupangitsa kukakamira pang'ono.

Izi zimathandizanso kuwona mumchenga kapena matalala. Mkazi akavala nsapato zamasewera kapena nsapato zazing'ono kwambiri, ali ndi nsapato ya chidendene chabwino amakonda kumira chifukwa kulemera kwake konse kumangokhala malo ochepa (chidendene).

Kuthamanga kwa Hydrostatic

Kupanikizika komwe kumachitika ndimadzimadzi kupumula pamakoma amtundu uliwonse womwe mumakhala madziwo. Izi ndichifukwa choti madzi amatenga mawonekedwe a chidebecho ndipo apuma, chifukwa chake, zimachitika kuti gulu lofananira limagwira pamakoma aliwonse.

Ziphuphu

Zinthu zitha kukhala zolimba, zamadzimadzi, zampweya kapena plasma. Nkhani yolimba imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi voliyumu. Zamadzimadzi zimakhala ndi voliyumu yotsimikizika, koma osati mawonekedwe otsimikizika, potengera mawonekedwe a chidebe chomwe chili nawo, pomwe mpweya ulibe voliyumu yotsimikizika kapenanso mawonekedwe ake.

Zamadzimadzi ndi mpweya zimawerengedwa kuti ndi "madzi", chifukwa, mwa awa, mamolekyulu amathandizidwa pamodzi ndi mphamvu zopanda mphamvu zolumikizana, zikagonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu zomwe zimangoyenda, zimayenda mchidebe chomwe muli. Madzi ndi machitidwe omwe amayenda nthawi zonse.

Zolimba zimafalitsa mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, pomwe m'madzimadzi ndi mpweya umafalikira.

MFUNDO YA PASCAL

Wasayansi waku France komanso masamu a Blaise Pascal, adapereka zopereka zosiyanasiyana pamalingaliro akuti mwina, masamu, komanso mbiri yachilengedwe. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi mfundo yomwe imadziwika ndi dzina lake pamakhalidwe amadzimadzi. [2]

Ndemanga ya Mfundo ya Pascal

Mfundo ya Pascal imanena kuti kupanikizika komwe kumachitika paliponse mumadzimadzi otsekedwa komanso osamvetsetseka amafalikira mofananamo m'malo onse amadzimadzi, ndiye kuti, kukakamizidwa m'madzi onse kumakhala kosalekeza. [3].

Chitsanzo cha mfundo ya Pascal titha kuwona pa Chithunzi 3. Mabowo amapangidwa mu chidebe ndikutidwa ndi ma cork, kenako ndikudzazidwa ndi madzi (madzimadzi) ndikuyika chivindikiro. Mphamvu ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pachikuto cha chidebecho, kukakamizidwa kumayikidwa m'madzi omwe ali ofanana mbali zonse, ndikupangitsa kuti ma cocork onse omwe anali m'mabowo atuluke.

Chimodzi mwa zoyesayesa zake zodziwika bwino chinali cha syringe ya Pascal. Sirinjiyo idadzazidwa ndi madzi ndikulumikizana ndi machubu, pomwe mphamvu ya syringe idakakamizidwa, madziwo adakwera kutalika komweko m'machubu iliyonse. Chifukwa chake zidapezeka kuti kuwonjezeka kwa kupanikizika kwamadzimadzi omwe akupuma kumafalikira mofananamo voliyumu yonse komanso mbali zonse. [4].

NTCHITO ZA MFUNDO YA PASCAL

Kugwiritsa ntchito Mfundo ya Pascal Amatha kuwoneka m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku pazida zingapo zama hydraulic monga ma hydraulic presses, ma hoist, mabuleki ndi ma jacks.

Hayidiroliki atolankhani

Makina osindikizira ndichida chomwe chimalola kukulitsa mphamvu. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito, potengera mfundo ya Pascal, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina, zikepe, mabuleki, komanso zida zamagetsi zosiyanasiyana.

Amakhala ndi zonenepa ziwiri, za madera osiyanasiyana, zodzazidwa ndi mafuta (kapena madzi ena) ndikulankhulana. Palinso ma plunger kapena ma pistoni awiri omwe amalowa muzitsulo, kotero kuti amakumana ndi madzimadzi. [5].

Chitsanzo cha makina osindikizira akuwonetsedwa patsamba 4. Mphamvu F1 ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pisitoni yaying'ono ya A1, kupsyinjika kumapangidwa m'madzi omwe amapatsira nthawi yomweyo mkati mwazitsulo. Mu pisitoni yokhala ndi dera lokulirapo A2, mphamvu F2 imadziwika, yayikulu kwambiri kuposa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, kutengera ubale wamalo A2 / A1.

Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi 1. Kuti mukweze galimoto, mukufuna kupanga jack yama hydraulic. Ndi maubwenzi ati omwe ayenera kukhala pakati pa ma hydraulic ram pistons kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu ya 100 N itha kukweza galimoto ya 2500 kg pa piston yayikulu? Onani chithunzi 5.

Solution

M'matumba opangira ma hydraulic, mfundo za Pascal zimakwaniritsidwa, pomwe kuthamanga kwamafuta mkati mwa hydraulic jack ndikofanana, koma mphamvu "imachulukitsidwa" pomwe ma pistoni amakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana. Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa dera lama hydraulic jack pistons:

• Popeza kulemera kwa galimotoyo, 2.500 kg, kuti ikwezedwe, kulemera kwagalimotoyo kutsimikizika pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo lachiwiri la Newton. [6]

Tikukupemphani kuti muwone nkhaniyi Malamulo a Newton "osavuta kumva"

• Mfundo ya Pascal imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndikufanizira zovuta m'mapistoni.
• Ubale wapafupi ndi omwe amadulawo umatsukidwa ndikusintha malowedwe m'malo. Onani chithunzi 6.

Madera a pisitoni ayenera kukhala ndi chiwonetsero cha 24,52, mwachitsanzo, ngati muli ndi pisitoni yaying'ono yokhala ndi utali wa 3 cm (dera A₁= 28,27 masentimita²), plunger yayikulu iyenera kukhala ndi utali wa 14,8 cm (dera A₂= 693,18 masentimita²).

Chombo chonyamula

Nyamulani hayidiroliki ndi makina makina ntchito kunyamula katundu katundu. Kukweza ma hayidiroliki kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'misika yamagalimoto ambiri kukonzanso pansi pamgalimoto.

Ntchito ya kukweza ma hydraulic kutengera zomwe Pascal adachita. Ma elevator nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta kupititsa patsogolo ma pistoni. Galimoto yamagetsi imayendetsa pampu yama hayidiroliki yomwe imapanikiza pisitoniyo ndi malo ochepa kwambiri. Mu pisitoni yokhala ndi malo akulu kwambiri, mphamvuyo "idachulukitsidwa", kutha kukweza magalimoto kuti akonzedwe. Onani chithunzi 7.

Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi 2. Pezani katundu wambiri yemwe angakwezedwe ndi ma hydraulic lift omwe pisitoni yaying'ono kwambiri ndi 28 cm2, ndipo ya pistoni yayikulu ndi 1520 cm2, pomwe mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi 500 N. Onani chithunzi 8.

Yankho:

Popeza mfundo ya Pascal ikukwaniritsidwa ndi okwera ma hydraulic, zovuta pamapistoni zidzakhala zofanana, potero kudziwa mphamvu yayikulu yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pisitoni yaying'ono, mphamvu yayikulu yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pisitoni yayikuluyo yawerengedwa (F2), monga akuwonetsedwa pa chithunzi 9.

Kudziwa kulemera kwakukulu (F2) komwe kumatha kukwezedwa, misa imatsimikizika pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo lachiwiri la Newton [6], motero magalimoto olemera mpaka 2766,85 kg akhoza kukwezedwa. Onani chithunzi 10. Malinga ndi tebulo lachifaniziro 8, pamiyeso yamagalimoto ambiri, kukweza kumatha kungokwera magalimoto ophatikizika omwe ali ndi misa yolemera makilogalamu 2.500.

Mabuleki hayidiroliki

Mabuleki amagwiritsidwa ntchito pagalimoto kuwachedwetsa kapena kuimitsa kwathunthu. Ambiri, mabuleki hayidiroliki ndi limagwirira ngati amene ali chithunzi. Kukhumudwitsa kuphwanya kwa mabuleki kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yomwe imatumizidwa ku pistoni yaying'ono. Mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imayambitsa kupanikizika mkati mwamadzimadzi oyimitsa. [7].

M'madzimo kupsyinjika kumafalikira mbali zonse, mpaka pisitoni yachiwiri pomwe mphamvu imakulitsa. Pisitoni imagwira ma disc kapena ng'oma kuti aphwanye matayala agalimoto.

MAFUNSO

Mfundo ya Pascal akunena kuti, kwa madzi osamvetsetseka atapuma, kupanikizika kumakhala kosalekeza m'madzi onse. Kupanikizika komwe kumachitika paliponse mumadzimadzi otsekedwawo amafalikira mofanana mbali zonse.

Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Mfundo ya Pascal Pali zida zambiri zama hayidiroliki monga makina osindikizira, zikepe, mabuleki ndi ma jacks, zida zomwe zimalola kukulitsa mphamvu, kutengera ubale wamalo omwe ali muzida za chipangizocho.

Osasiya kuyambiranso patsamba lathu Lamulo la Newton, Mfundo za Thermodynamica Mfundo ya Bernoulli mwa zina zosangalatsa kwambiri.

REFERENCIAS

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]