Calkpụrụ Pascal [a kọwara ya n'ụzọ dị mfe]

Onye French physics na mathematics Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), nyere onyinye di iche-iche na tiori nke puru omume, mgbakọ na mwepụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ihe kacha mara amara bụ ụkpụrụ Pascal, gbasara akwara banyere mmiri mmiri.

Pascal si eziputa Ọ dị ezigbo mfe, dịkwa mfe nghọta ma ba ezigbo uru. Site na nnwale, Pascal chọpụtara na nrụgide dị mmiri mmiri, n'ọnọdụ izu ike, na-ebunye ya otu n'otu n'ofe yana n'akụkụ niile.

Nkwupụta Pascal, Dabere na ọmụmụ nke mmiri, a na-eji ya maka imepụta akụrụngwa hydraulic dị iche iche dịka igwe akụrụngwa, mbuli elu, ụgbọ ala ụgbọ ala, na ndị ọzọ.

Echiche bụ isi iji ghọta ụkpụrụ nke Pascal

Nsogbu

Nrụgide bụ oke nke ike etinyere n'otu mpaghara. A tụrụ ya na nkeji dịka Pascal, mmanya, ikuku, kilogram kwa square centimeters, psi (paụnd kwa square inch), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. [1]

Nrụgide dị nke dabara adaba na mpaghara etinyere ma ọ bụ mpaghara: mpaghara dị ukwuu karị, obere nrụgide, obere mpaghara ahụ, oke nrụgide ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ọgụgụ 2 a na-arụ ọrụ 10 N na ntu nke ọnụ ya nwere obere mpaghara, ebe a na-etinye otu ike nke 10 N na ngwongwo nke njedebe ya nwere nnukwu ebe karịa ntu ahụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ntu ahụ nwere obere ọnụ, a na-etinye ike niile na ọnụ ya, na-etinye nrụgide dị ukwuu na ya, ebe n'ime mkpụkọ ahụ, mpaghara ka ukwuu na-enye ohere ka ekesaa ike ahụ, na-ewepụta obere nrụgide.

A pụkwara ịhụ mmetụta a na ájá ma ọ bụ snow. Ọ bụrụ na nwanyị na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ egwuregwu ma ọ bụ obere obere akpụkpọ ụkwụ ikiri ụkwụ, nke nwere oke ikiri ụkwụ nke ikiri ụkwụ ọ na-emikpu karịa ebe ọ bụ na ịdị arọ ya niile gbakọtara na obere mpaghara (ikiri ụkwụ).

Hydrostatic mgbali

Ọ bụ nrụgide nke mmiri na-ezu ike na mgbidi nke ọ bụla nke akpa ahụ nwere mmiri ahụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi na mmiri mmiri na-ewe ọdịdị nke akpa ahụ na nke a bụ ezumike, n'ihi nsonaazụ, ọ na - eme na ike edo edo na - eme na mgbidi ọ bụla.

Fluids

Ihe nwere ike ịbụ na steeti siri ike, mmiri mmiri, gas ma ọ bụ steeti plasma. Ihe na steeti siri ike nwere ọdịdị na olu doro anya. Liquids nwere olu doro anya, ma ọ bụghị ọdịdị a kapịrị ọnụ, na-ewere ọdịdị nke akpa ahụ nwere ha, ebe gas enweghị oke olu ma ọ bụ ọdịdị doro anya.

A na-ahụta mmiri mmiri na gas dị ka "mmiri", ebe ọ bụ na, na ndị a, a na-ejikọ ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ahụ site na ike ndị na-adịghị ike, mgbe a na-edo ha n'okpuru ikike dị egwu ha na-asọ, na-agagharị n'ime akpa nke nwere ha. Fluids bụ sistemụ na - emegharị ahụ mgbe niile.

Solids na-ebunye ike dị na ya, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ebute nrụgide mmiri na gas.

ASkpụrụ PASCAL

Onye French physics na mathematician Blaise Pascal nyere onyinye di iche iche na ihe omuma puru iche, mgbakọ na mwepụ, na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ihe kacha mara amara bụ ụkpụrụ nke na-aza aha ya na omume nke oke mmiri. [2]

Nkwupụta nke ụkpụrụ Pascal

Paskpụrụ Pascal na-ekwu na nrụgide a na-etinye ebe ọ bụla n'ime mmiri a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha, a na-ebunye ya n'ụzọ niile na mmiri niile, ya bụ, nrụgide n'ime mmiri ahụ na-agbanwe mgbe niile. [3].

Enwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ nke ụkpụrụ Pascal na ọnụ ọgụgụ 3. A na-eme oghere n'ime akpa ma gbanye ya, wee jupụta na mmiri (ọmụmụ) ma tinye mkpuchi. Site n'itinye ike na mkpuchi nke akpa ahụ, a na-egosipụta nrụgide na mmiri nke nha anya n'akụkụ niile, na-eme ka mkpuchi niile dị na oghere pụta.

Otu n'ime nyocha ọ kacha mara amara bụ sirinji nke Pascal. Sirinji ahụ jupụtara na mmiri mmiri ma jikọọ ya na ụfọdụ tubes, mgbe a na-eme nrụgide na ntụtụ nke sirinji ahụ, mmiri ahụ rutere n'otu ogo ahụ na nke ọ bụla. N'ihi ya, a chọpụtara na mmụba nke nrụgide nke mmiri mmiri nke na-ezu ike na-ebufe otu n'otu n'ogo na n'akụkụ niile. [4].

NT APKWU OFLỌ PASCAL

Ngwa nke Paskpụrụ Pascal A pụrụ ịhụ ha na ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ọtụtụ akụrụngwa hydraulic dị ka igwe hydraulic, ihe ndozi, brek na jacks.

Hydraulic pịa

Igwe hydraulic ọ bụ ngwaọrụ nke na-enye ohere ịbawanye ike. A na-eji ụkpụrụ arụ ọrụ, dabere na ụkpụrụ Pascal, na ígwè obibi akwụkwọ, ụlọ mbuli elu, brekị, na n'ọtụtụ akụrụngwa hydraulic dị iche iche.

Ọ nwere cylinders abụọ, nke dị iche iche, jupụtara na mmanụ (ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri ọzọ) ma na-agwa ibe ha okwu. Enwekwara ihe abụọ ma ọ bụ piston abụọ dabara na cylinders ahụ, nke mere na ha na-abanye na mmiri ahụ. [5].

Ihe ngosi nke igwe hydraulic egosiri na onu ogugu 4. Mgbe etinyere ike F1 na piston nke obere mpaghara A1, a na-emepụta nrụgide na mmiri mmiri nke a na-ebufe n'otu ntabi anya. Na piston nwere mpaghara buru ibu A2, a nwere ike F2, nke ka ukwuu karịa nke etinyere, nke dabere na oke nke mpaghara A2 / A1.

Ihe omume 1. Iji bulie ụgbọ ala, ị chọrọ ịrụ akwa mmiri. Mmekọrịta dị a mustaa ka diameters nke hydraulic ebule pistons nwere ka itinye ihe ike nke 100 N nwere ike ibuli ụgbọ ala 2500 n'arọ buru ibu karịa? Lee ọgụgụ 5.

Ngwọta

Na nkedo hydraulic, ụkpụrụ Pascal mezuru, ebe nrụgide mmanụ n'ime oghere hydraulic bụ otu, mana ndị agha "na-aba ụba" mgbe pistons nwere mpaghara dị iche iche. Iji chọpụta ọnụọgụ mpaghara nke piston hydraulic jack:

• N’iburu ịdị arọ nke ụgbọ ala ahụ, kilogram 2.500, ka e bulie, a na-ekpebi ịdị arọ nke ụgbọ ala ahụ site n’iwu nke abụọ Newton. [6]

Anyị na-agba gị ume ka ị hụ isiokwu ahụ Newton iwu "mfe nghọta"

• A na-etinye ụkpụrụ nke Pascal n'ọrụ, na-eme ka nrụgide ndị dị na pistons ahụ hara nhata.
• Ebe mmekọrịta nke plungers na-ekpocha na ụkpụrụ gbanwere. Lee ọgụgụ 6.

Ebe nke plungers kwesịrị inwe ruru 24,52, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na ị nwere obere plunger nwere okirikiri nke 3cm (mpaghara A₁= 28,27 cm²), nnukwu plunger kwesịrị inwe okirikiri nke 14,8 cm (mpaghara A₂= 693,18 cm²).

Igwe mbuli igwe

Igwe hydraulic bụ ngwaọrụ eji arụ ọrụ iji bulie ihe dị arọ. A na-eji wiwi hydraulic n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ahịa akpaaka iji rụkwaa ụgbọ ala.

Ọrụ nke hydraulic lifts dabere na ụkpụrụ Pascal. Igwe mbuli elu na-ejikarị mmanụ ebunye nrụgide na pistons. Igwe eletriki na-arụ ọrụ mgbapụta hydraulic nke na-arụ ọrụ na piston na obere mpaghara. Na pistin nwere mpaghara kachasị ukwuu, ike "dị ọtụtụ", na-enwe ike ibuli ugbo ala ndị a ga-arụzi. Lee ọgụgụ 7.

Omume 2. Chọta oke ibu enwere ike ibuli ya na mbadamba hydraulic nke mpaghara ya nke obere piston bụ 28 cm2, na nke piston kachasị ukwuu bụ 1520 cm2, mgbe ikike kachasị nwere ike itinye bụ 500 N. Lee ọnụ ọgụgụ 8.

Ngwọta:

Ebe ọ bụ na ụkpụrụ Pascal na-emezu na ndị na-ebuli hydraulic, nrụgide ndị dị na piston ahụ ga-aha nhata, si otú a mara ike kachasị oke nke enwere ike itinye na obere pistin, a gbakọtara ike kachasị ike na nnukwu piston (F2), egosiri na onu ogugu 9.

N'ịmara oke kachasị (F2) enwere ike ibuli, a na-ekpebi ihe a site na iji iwu nke abụọ nke Newton [6], yabụ enwere ike ibuli ụgbọ ala ndị ruru 2766,85 n'arọ. Hụ nọmba 10. Dị ka tebụl dị na ọnụ ọgụgụ 8, nke nkezi ụgbọ ala ọtụtụ, mbuli ga-enwe ike naanị ibuli kọmpat ụgbọala na nkezi nke 2.500 n'arọ.

Hydraulic brek

A na-eji brek n'ụgbọ ala eme ka ọrụ ha belata ma ọ bụ kwụsị ha kpamkpam. Ke ofụri ofụri, haịdrọlik brek nwere a usoro dị ka nke na-egosi na ọgụgụ. Ndakọrọ breeki pedal na-emetụta ike a na-ebufe na obere mpaghara piston. The tinye n'ọrụ ike a nsogbu n'ime breeki ọmụmụ. [7].

Na mmiri mmiri a na-ebute nrụgide n'akụkụ niile, ruo na piston nke abụọ ebe a na-emewanye ike. Pistin na-arụ ọrụ na diski ma ọ bụ drum na-agbaji taya ụgbọala ahụ.

AKCKỌ

Paskpụrụ Pascal na-ekwu na, maka mmiri na-enweghị atụ na-ezu ike, nrụgide na-adịgide adịgide n'ime mmiri ahụ niile. A na-ebugharị nrụgide a na-etinye ebe ọ bụla n'ime mmiri a na-ekpuchi.

N'etiti ngwa nke Paskpụrụ Pascal Enwere ọtụtụ akụrụngwa hydraulic dịka igwe, igwe mbuli elu, breeki na jacks, ngwaọrụ ndị na-enye ohere ịbawanye ike, dịka mmekọrịta nke mpaghara dị na plungers nke ngwaọrụ ahụ.

Akwụsịla nyochaa na weebụsaịtị anyị Newton iwu, Rkpụrụ thermodynamic, nke Berkpụrụ Bernoulli n'etiti ndị ọzọ na-akpali nnọọ mmasị.

AGBANWEE

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]