Thermodynamics, he aha ia a me kāna mau noi

ʻO Rafael Telles Hōʻike hope loa ʻApelila 20, 2021

21.331 Heluhelu 6 minuke

ʻO Thermodynamics kahi ʻepekema e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana o ka ikehu. Hana ʻia nā hana Thermodynamic i kēlā me kēia lā i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, i nā home, i ka ʻoihana, me ka loli o ka ikehu, e like me nā pono hana ea, nā pahu hau, nā kaʻa, nā paila, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe. No laila ke koʻikoʻi o ke aʻo ʻana o Thermodynamics, hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā kānāwai ʻehā e hoʻokumu i nā pilina ma waena o ka maikaʻi a me ka nui o ka ikehu, a me nā thermodynamic waiwai.

E hoʻomaopopo i nā kānāwai o Thermodynamics, i kahi ala maʻalahi, pono e hoʻomaka kekahi mai kekahi mau manaʻo maʻamau i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo, e like me ka ikehu, ka wela, ka mahana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Ke kono aku nei mākou iā ʻoe e ʻike i kēia ʻatikala Ka Mana o ke Kānāwai a Watt (Nā noi - Nā hoʻoikaika kino)

ʻO ka Mana o Watt's Law (Applications - Exercises) ʻatikala uhi — citeia.com

Nā mea peʻe

1 Thermodynamics

1.1 He wahi mōʻaukala:

1.2 He aha nā thermodynamics?

1.3 Nā noi Thermodynamic

2 Nā manaʻo maʻamau o Thermodynamics

3 Nā Kūlana Thermodynamic

3.1 Kānāwai mua o Thermodynamics:

3.2 Kānāwai lua o thermodynamics:

3.3 Kānāwai Zero:

4 Nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe o Thermodynamics

4.1 Pūnaehana

4.2 Ka Honua

4.3 Thermodynamic Equilibrium

4.4 Pā

5 hopena a

Thermodynamics

He moʻolelo nui:

Nānā nā thermodynamics i nā hoʻololi a me nā loli o ka ikehu i nā hana. I ka makahiki 1600, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Galileo e hoʻopaʻa i nā noiʻi ma kēia wahi, me ka mea i haku ʻia o ka aniani thermometer, a me ka pilina o ka mānoanoa o kahi wai a me kona mahana.

Me ka ʻōnaehana hanahana, hana ʻia nā noiʻi e ʻike i ka pilina ma waena o ka wela, ka hana a me ka ikehu o nā wahie, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana o nā ʻenekini mahu, nā thermodynamics e kū mai nei ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema noiʻi, e hoʻomaka ana ma 1697 me ka ʻenekini mahu o Thomas Savery. . Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kānāwai mua a ʻelua hoʻi o ka thermodynamics i ka makahiki 1850. Nui nā ʻepekema e like me Joule, Kelvin, Clausius, Boltzmann, Carnot, Clapeyron, Gibbs, Maxwell, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kēia ʻepekema, "Thermodynamics."

He aha nā thermodynamics?

ʻO Thermodynamics kahi ʻepekema e aʻo i nā loli ikehu. Mai ka manawa mua ua aʻo ʻia pehea e hoʻololi ai i ka wela i ka mana, i nā ʻenekini mahu, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā huaʻōlelo Helene "thermos" a me "dynamis" e inoa i kēia ʻepekema hou, e hana ana i ka huaʻōlelo "thermodynamics". E nānā i ke kiʻi 1.

Ke kumu o ka thermodynamics huaʻōlelo — citeia.com (fig 1)

Nā noi Thermodynamic

ʻO kahi o ka noi o nā thermodynamics ākea loa. Hana ka loli o ka ikehu i nā hana he nui mai ke kino o ke kanaka, me ka digestion o ka meaʻai, i nā hanana ʻenehana he nui no ka hana ʻana i nā huahana. I loko o nā home he mea hana pū kekahi kahi e hoʻopili ʻia ai ka thermodynamics i nā hao, nā mea hoʻomehana wai, nā ea, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kumumanaʻo o ka thermodynamics i nā ʻano āpau, e like me nā mea kanu mana, kaʻa, a me nā hōkū. E nānā i ke kiʻi 2.

Kekahi hoʻohana o Thermodynamics — citeia.com (fig 2)

Nā kumu o Thermodynamics

Ikehu (E)

ʻO ka waiwai o nā mea āpau a i ʻole ke kino ʻole a ʻōnaehana paha i hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e ka hoʻololi ʻana i kona kūlana a i ʻole ka mokuʻāina. Ua wehewehe ʻia e like me ka hiki a i ʻole hiki ke neʻe i ka mea. Ma ke kiʻi 3 hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kekahi kumuwaiwai ikehu.

Nā ʻano ikehu

Hele mai ka ikehu ma nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka makani, ka uila, ka mīkini, ka ikehu nuklea, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I ke aʻo ʻana i nā thermodynamics, hoʻohana ʻia ka ikehu kinetic, hiki i ka ikehu a me nā ikehu kūloko o nā kino. Pili ka ikehu kinetic (Ec) i ka wikiwiki, ka ikehu hiki (Ep) me ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikehu o loko (U) me ka neʻe ʻana o nā mole o loko. E nānā i ke kiʻi 4.

Kinetic, hiki a me ka ikehu kūloko ma thermodynamics. — citeia.com (fig 4)

Heat (Q):

Hoʻololi o ka ikehu pumehana ma waena o nā kino ʻelua i nā mahana like ʻole. Ua ana ʻia ka wela ma Joule, BTU, paona paona, a i ʻole i nā calories.

Mahana (T):

ʻO ke ana o ka ikehu kinetic o nā ʻĀtoma a i ʻole nā mole i hana i kekahi mea. Ana ia i ke kēkelē o ka hoʻonāukiuki o nā mole o loko o kahi mea, o kona ikehu mahanahana. ʻO ka neʻe nui o nā mole, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana. Ua ana ʻia i nā kekelē Celsius, kekelē Kelvin, kekelē Rankine, a i ʻole kekelē Fahrenheit. Ma ke kiʻi 5 hōʻike ʻia ke kaulike ma waena o kekahi unahi wela.

Kekahi hoʻohālikelike a me nā unahi wela. — citeia.com (fig 5)

Nā Kūlana Thermodynamic

Hoʻokumu ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i nā hoʻololi ikehu i nā thermodynamics ma nā kānāwai ʻehā. Pili nā kānāwai mua a ʻelua i ka maikaʻi a me ka nui o ka ikehu; ʻo ke kolu a me ka hā o nā kānāwai e pili ana i nā pono thermodynamic (ka mahana a me ka entropy). E nānā i nā kiʻi 6 a me 7.

Nā kānāwai e pili ana i ka ikehu i nā thermodynamics. — citeia.com (fig 6)

Kānāwai mua o Thermodynamics:

Hoʻokumu ke kānāwai mua i ke kumu o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. Hiki ke hoʻolilo i ka ikehu mai kekahi kino i kahi kino ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole hoʻololi ʻia i kekahi ʻano ikehu, akā mālama mau ʻia ia, no laila paʻa mau ka huina o ka ikehu.

Nā kānāwai e pili ana i nā waiwai thermodynamic — citeia.com (fig 7)

ʻO kahi ramp skating kahi laʻana maikaʻi o ke Law of Conservation o ka ikehu, kahi i ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole i hana ʻia a luku ʻia ka ikehu, akā hoʻololi ʻia i ʻano ʻano ikehu. No kahi skater e like me ka mea ma ke kiʻi 8, ke hoʻopili wale ka ikaika umekaumaha, pono mākou e:

Kahi 1: Ke hele ka skater ma ka piko o ka pali, loaʻa iā ia ka ikehu kūloko a me ka ikehu kūpono ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa iā ia, akā ʻo kāna ikehu kinetic he zero ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻo ia e neʻe (wikiwiki = 0 m / s).
Kahi 2: I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka skater e kahe i lalo o ka ramp, e hoʻēmi ke kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻemi ana i ka ikehu o loko a me ka ikehu e hiki ai, akā e hoʻonui ana i kona ikehu kinetic, no ka mea ua piʻi ka wikiwiki. Hoʻololi ʻia ka ikehu i ka ikehu kinetic. Ke hōʻea ka skater i kahi haʻahaʻa o ke ramp (kūlana 2), ʻaʻohe (kiʻekiʻe = 0m) kona ikehu, ʻoiai e loaʻa iā ia ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe loa i kāna huakaʻi i lalo o ke ala.
Kahi 3: Ke piʻi nei ka pali, lilo ka wikiwiki o ka skater, me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i kona ikehu kinetic, akā piʻi ka ikehu o loko, a me ka ikehu kūpono, ke loaʻa iā ia ke kiʻekiʻe.

Ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ma thermodynamics. — citeia.com (fig 8)

Kānāwai lua o thermodynamics:

ʻO ke kānāwai ʻelua e pili ana i ka "maikaʻi" o ka ikehu, i ka optimization o ka hoʻololi a / a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana o ka ikehu. Hoʻokumu kēia kānāwai i nā hana maoli i ka emi o ka maikaʻi o ka ikehu. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka wehewehe ʻana o ka waiwai thermodynamic "entropy". I nā ʻōlelo o ke kānāwai ʻelua, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke hiki ke hana i kahi kaʻina a inā hiki ʻole, ʻoiai ke hoʻomau ʻia ke kānāwai mua. E nānā i ke kiʻi 9.

ʻIke o ka hoʻolilo wela. — citeia.com (fig 9)

Kānāwai Zero:

ʻ stateslelo ke kānāwai ʻaʻohe inā ʻelua mau ʻōnaehana i ke kaulike me kahi hapakolu aia lākou i ke kaulike kekahi me kekahi. ʻO kahi laʻana, no ke Kiʻi 10, inā aia ʻo A i ke kaulike mehana me C, a ʻo C i ke kaulike mehana me B, a laila aia ʻo A i ke kaulike mehana me B.

Kālā Zero o thermodynamics — citeia.com (fig 10)

ʻO nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe o ka Termodynamics

Pūnaehana

ʻO kahi ʻāpana o ke ao ākea e hoihoi a hoʻopaʻa ʻia paha. No ke kīʻaha kope ma ke Kiʻi 11, ʻo ka "ʻōnaehana" ka ʻike o ke kīʻaha (kope) kahi e hiki ai ke aʻo i ka hoʻolilo o ka ikehu wela. E nānā i ke kiʻi 12. [4]

ʻO ka ʻōnaehana, ka palena a me ke kaiapuni o kahi ʻōnaehana thermodynamic. — citeia.com (fig 11)

Ka Honua

ʻO ke koena o ka honua i waho i ka ʻōnaehana e hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Ma ke Kiʻi 12, manaʻo ʻia ke kīʻaha kope i ka "palena" i loaʻa ka kofe (ʻōnaehana) a ʻo ka mea ma waho o ke kīʻaha (palena) ka "kaiapuni" o ka ʻōnaehana.

ʻŌnaehana Thermodynamic e wehewehe i ke kaulike thermodynamic. — citeia.com (fig 12)

Thermodynamic Equilibrium

ʻO ka mokuʻāina kahi i wehewehe pono ʻia ai nā waiwai o ka ʻōnaehana a ʻaʻole i loli i ka manawa. Ke hōʻike ka ʻōnaehana i ke kaulike mehana, ke kaulike mechanical a me ke kaulike kemika, aia ia i ka "thermodynamic equilibrium". I ke kaulike, ʻaʻole hiki i kahi ʻōnaehana ke hoʻololi i kona mokuʻāina ke ʻole e hana ʻia e kahi agena kūwaho. E nānā i ke kiʻi 13.

ʻO ke kaulike thermodynamic — citeia.com (fig 13)

Pā

ʻO ka ʻona e ʻae a pale paha i nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻōnaehana. Inā ʻae ka pā i ka hele ʻana o ka mea, ʻōlelo ʻia he pā permeable. ʻO ka paia adiabatic kahi mea e ʻae ʻole ai i ka hoʻololi wela ma waena o nā ʻōnaehana ʻelua. Ke ʻae ka paia i ka hoʻolilo o ka ikehu wela ua kapa ʻia ia he paia diathermic. E nānā i ke kiʻi 14.

Pā o kahi ʻōnaehana thermodynamic — citeia.com (14 fig)

hopena a

ʻO ka ikehu ka hiki ke neʻe i ka mea. Hiki ke hoʻololi i kēia ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i kona kūlana a i ʻole ka mokuʻāina.

ʻO Thermodynamics kahi ʻepekema e aʻo i nā hoʻololi a me nā loli o ka ikehu i nā hana. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i nā hoʻololi ikehu i nā thermodynamics ma nā kānāwai ʻehā. Pili nā kānāwai mua a ʻelua i ka maikaʻi a me ka nui o ka ikehu; ʻo ke kolu a me ka hā o nā kānāwai e pili ana i nā pono thermodynamic (ka mahana a me ka entropy).

ʻO ke ana wela ke ana o ke kēkelē o ka hoʻonāukiuki o nā mole e hana i kahi kino, ʻoiai ka wela ka hoʻololi o ka ikehu wela ma waena o nā kino ʻelua i nā mahana wela like ʻole.

Aia ke kaulike thermodynamic ke kūlike ka ʻōnaehana i ke kaulike kaulike, ke kaulike mechanical, a me ke kaulike kemika.

Palapala hoʻomaikaʻi: No ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia ʻatikala ua loaʻa iā mākou ka hanohano o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻōlelo aʻo a ka ʻO Ing. Marisol Pino, He loea i ka Instrumentation Industrial and Control.