Thermodynamics, menene shi da aikace-aikacen sa

Thermodynamics shine ilimin kimiyya bisa nazarin makamashi. Tsarin yanayi yana faruwa yau da kullun a rayuwar yau da kullun, a cikin gidaje, a cikin masana'antu, tare da sauya kuzari, kamar su kayan aikin sanyaya iska, firiji, motoci, tukunyar jirgi, da sauransu. Saboda haka mahimmancin nazarin Thermodynamics, ya dogara ne da dokoki guda huɗu waɗanda suke tabbatar da alaƙar tsakanin inganci da yawan kuzari, da kuma yanayin yanayin ƙarfin.

Don fahimtar dokokin Thermodynamics, ta hanya mai sauƙi, dole mutum ya fara daga wasu ra'ayoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda aka fallasa a ƙasa, kamar makamashi, zafi, yanayin zafi, da sauransu.

Muna gayyatarku ku ga labarin Lawarfin Watt's Law (Aikace-aikace - Motsa jiki)

Tsarin yanayi

A kadan tarihi:

Thermodynamics yana nazarin musayar da canjin kuzari cikin tsari. Tuni a cikin 1600s Galileo ya fara gudanar da karatu a wannan yanki, tare da ƙirƙirar ma'aunin zafin gilashin gilashi, da alaƙar nauyin ruwa da zazzabinsa.

Tare da juyin juya halin masana'antu, ana yin nazari don sanin alaƙar da ke tsakanin zafi, aiki da kuzarin mai, tare da haɓaka aikin injunan tururi, ƙarancin thermodynamics a matsayin kimiyyar binciken, farawa a 1697 tare da injin tururin Thomas Savery . An kafa doka ta farko da ta biyu a tsarin thermodynamics a 1850. Masana kimiyya da yawa irin su Joule, Kelvin, Clausius, Boltzmann, Carnot, Clapeyron, Gibbs, Maxwell, da sauransu, sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban wannan kimiyya, "Thermodynamics."

Menene thermodynamics?

Thermodynamics shine ilimin kimiyya wanda ke nazarin canjin kuzari. Tun da farko an yi nazarin yadda ake canza zafi zuwa ƙarfi, a cikin injunan tururi, ana amfani da kalmomin Girkanci "thermos" da "dynamis" don sanya wa wannan sabon ilimin suna, suna ƙirƙirar kalmar "thermodynamics". Duba hoto na 1.

Thermodynamic Aikace-aikace

Yankin aikace-aikacen thermodynamics yana da fadi sosai. Canjin kuzari yana faruwa a cikin matakai da yawa daga jikin mutum, tare da narkar da abinci, har ma a yawancin masana'antun masana'antu don samar da kayayyaki. A cikin gidaje kuma akwai na'urori inda ake amfani da thermodynamics akan baƙin ƙarfe, dumama ruwa, iska, da sauransu. Ana amfani da ka'idojin thermodynamics a fannoni daban-daban, kamar a cikin tsire-tsire masu ƙarfi, motoci, da roket. Duba hoto na 2.

Tushen Tsarin yanayi

Makamashi (E)

Kadarorin duk wani abu ko kayan da ba na jiki ba ko tsarin da za a iya canza su ta hanyar sauya halin ta ko yanayin ta. Hakanan an bayyana shi azaman ƙarfi ko ikon motsa abu. A cikin hoto na 3 zaka ga wasu hanyoyin samun kuzari.

Siffofin makamashi

Makamashi ya zo ta fuskoki da yawa, kamar iska, lantarki, inji, makamashin nukiliya, da sauransu. A cikin nazarin ilimin yanayin motsa jiki, ana amfani da kuzarin kuzari, ƙarfin kuzari da kuzarin cikin jiki. Kinarfin kuzari (Ec) yana da alaƙa da saurin, mai yuwuwar kuzari (Ep) tare da tsayi da kuzarin ciki (U) tare da motsin ƙwayoyin cikin. Duba hoto na 4.

Heat (Q):

Canja wurin makamashi mai zafi tsakanin jikin mutum biyu wadanda suke a yanayin zafi daban daban. Ana auna zafi a cikin Joule, BTU, ƙafa-ƙafa, ko a cikin adadin kuzari.

Zazzabi (T):

Gwaji ne na kuzari ko kwayar halitta wanda yake samarda kowane irin abu. Tana auna zafin tashin hankali na ƙwayoyin halitta na abu, na ƙarfin zafinsa. Mafi girman motsi na kwayoyin, ya fi yawan zafin jiki. Ana auna shi a digiri Celsius, digiri Kelvin, digiri Rankine, ko digiri Fahrenheit. A cikin hoto na 5 an gabatar da daidaito tsakanin wasu ma'aunin zafin jiki.

Ka'idojin Thermodynamic

Nazarin canjin kuzari a cikin thermodynamics ya dogara da dokoki huɗu. Doka ta farko da ta biyu suna da alaka da inganci da yawan karfi; yayin da dokoki na uku da na huɗu suna da alaƙa da kaddarorin thermodynamic (zafin jiki da entropy). Duba adadi na 6 da 7.

Dokar Farko ta Thermodynamics:

Doka ta farko ta kafa tsarin kiyaye makamashi. Ana iya canzawa makamashi daga jiki daya zuwa wani, ko kuma canza shi zuwa wani nau'in makamashi, amma a koyaushe ana kiyaye shi, don haka jimillar makamashi koyaushe tana ci gaba.

Rage kan kankara misali ne mai kyau na Dokar Kare kuzari, inda aka gano cewa ba a ƙirƙira ko halakar da makamashi ba, amma ana canza shi zuwa wani nau'in makamashi. Ga mai skater kamar wanda yake a cikin hoto na 8, lokacin da ƙarfin shafan ke tasiri kawai, dole ne mu:

• Matsayi 1: Lokacin da skater din yake saman gangaren, yana da kuzari na ciki da kuma karfin kuzari saboda tsayin da yake, amma karfin kuzarin sa ba komai tunda ba ya motsi (gudun = 0 m / s).
• Matsayi 2: Yayin da skater ya fara zamewa daga gangara, tsayin yana raguwa, yana rage kuzarin ciki da karfin kuzari, amma yana kara karfin kuzarinsa, yayin da saurin sa yake karuwa. Energyarfin ya canza zuwa ƙarfin kuzari. Lokacin da skater ya kai ga mafi ƙarancin wurin hawa (matsayi na 2), ƙarfin ƙarfinsa ba sifili (tsayi = 0m), yayin da ya sami mafi girman gudu a cikin tafiyarsa zuwa gangara.
• Matsayi 3: Yayinda hawa ya hau, skater ya rasa gudu, yana rage kuzarinsa, amma kuzarin ciki yana ƙaruwa, da ƙarfin kuzari, yayin da ya sami tsayi.

Na biyu dokar thermodynamics:

Doka ta biyu tana da alaƙa da “inganci” na kuzari, a cikin inganta juyowa da / ko watsa kuzari. Wannan doka ta tabbatar da cewa a cikin tsari na ainihi ƙarfin makamashi yana raguwa. An gabatar da ma'anar yanayin thermodynamic "entropy". A cikin maganganun doka ta biyu an kafa shi lokacin da tsari zai iya faruwa da lokacin da ba zai iya ba, koda kuwa doka ta farko ta ci gaba da cikawa. Duba hoto na 9.

Dokar Zero:

Dokar sifili ta bayyana cewa idan tsarin biyu cikin daidaito da na ukun suna daidai da juna. Misali, don Hoto na 10, idan A yana cikin daidaitaccen zafin jiki tare da C, kuma C yana cikin ma'aunin thermal tare da B, to A yana cikin ma'aunin thermal tare da B.

Sauran ra'ayoyi na Termodynamics

System

Wani ɓangare na duniya wanda ke da ban sha'awa ko nazari. Ga kopin kofi a cikin hoto na 11, "tsarin" shine abinda ke cikin kofi (kofi) inda za'a iya yin nazarin canjin makamashi na thermal. Duba hoto na 12. [4]

Muhalli

Sauran sauran sararin samaniya ne ga tsarin da ake nazari. A cikin hoto na 12, ana ɗaukar kofin kofi a matsayin "iyaka" wanda ya ƙunshi kofi (tsarin) kuma abin da ke wajen ƙofar (iyakar) shine "mahalli" na tsarin.

Daidaitawar yanayin yanayi

Whichasar da aka ƙayyade dukiyar tsarin kuma ba ta bambanta kan lokaci. Lokacin da tsarin ya gabatar da daidaiton ma'aunin zafi, ma'aunin injiniya da ma'aunin sinadarai, yana cikin "daidaitaccen yanayin thermodynamic". A cikin ma'auni, tsarin ba zai iya canza halinta ba sai dai idan wakilin waje ya yi aiki da shi. Duba hoto na 13.

Bango

Abubuwan da ke ba da izinin ko hana haɗin kai tsakanin tsarin Idan bango ya ba da izinin wucewar abu, ana cewa katangar da zata iya shiga ne. Bangon adiabatic shine wanda baya bada izinin canja zafi tsakanin tsarin biyu. Lokacin da bangon ya ba da izinin turawar makamashin thermal ana kiransa bangon diathermic. Duba hoto na 14.

ƘARUWA

Makamashi shine ikon motsa abu. Ana iya canza wannan ta hanyar sauya halin ta ko yanayin ta.

Thermodynamics ilimin kimiyya ne wanda ke nazarin musaya da canzawar kuzari a cikin tsari. Nazarin canjin kuzari a cikin thermodynamics ya dogara da dokoki huɗu. Doka ta farko da ta biyu suna da alaka da inganci da yawan karfi; yayin da dokoki na uku da na huɗu suna da alaƙa da kaddarorin thermodynamic (zafin jiki da entropy).

Zazzabi shine ma'auni na saurin tashin hankalin kwayoyin da suke sanya jiki, yayin da zafin rana shine canzawar ƙarfin thermal tsakanin jikin biyu waɗanda suke a yanayin zafi daban-daban.

Daidaitaccen yanayin daidaitarwa ya wanzu lokacin da tsarin yake a lokaci guda a cikin ma'aunin zafi, ma'aunin injiniya da ma'aunin sinadarai.

Bayanin godiya Don ci gaban wannan labarin mun sami girmamawar samun shawarwarin Ing. Marisol Pino, Kwararre a Fannin Masana'antu da Kulawa.