Cia'idar Pascal [mai sauƙin bayani]

Masanin ilimin lissafi da lissafi dan kasar Faransa Blaise Pascal ne adam wata (1623-1662), ya ba da gudummawa daban-daban a cikin ka'idar yiwuwar, lissafi da kuma tarihin ƙasa. Mafi sani shine ka'idar Pascal, akan halayyar ruwan sha.

Bayanin Pascal abu ne mai sauki, mai saukin fahimta da amfani sosai. Ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje, Pascal ya gano cewa matsa lamba cikin ruwa, a cikin yanayin hutawa, ana watsa shi gaba ɗaya cikin ƙarar da kuma duk wurare.

Bayanin Pascal, Dangane da nazarin magudanar ruwa, ana amfani dashi don tsara abubuwa iri iri na kayan aiki na hydraulic kamar matse, lifta, birkin mota, da sauransu.

Mahimman Bayani don fahimtar Pasa'idar Pascal

Ƙarfin

Matsin lamba shine rabo daga ƙarfin da ake amfani da shi a kowane yanki. Ana auna shi a cikin raka'a kamar Pascal, mashaya, yanayi, kilogram a kowane santimita sms, psi (fam a kowace murabba'in inch), da sauransu. [1]

Matsin lamba ya dace da yanayin da aka yi amfani da shi ko yanki: mafi girman yanki, ƙaramin matsa lamba, ƙasa da yanki, mafi girman matsin. Misali, a cikin hoto na 2 an yi amfani da 10 N akan ƙusa wanda ƙarshenta yana da ƙaramin yanki, yayin da ake amfani da wannan ƙarfin na 10 N a kan ƙwanƙwasa wanda ƙarshensa yana da yanki fiye da ƙarshen ƙusa. Tunda ƙusa tana da ƙaramin ƙarami, duk ƙarfin ana amfani da ita zuwa ƙarshensa, ana matsin lamba a kanta, yayin da a cikin kwalliyar, babban yanki ya ba da damar rarraba ƙarfi sosai, yana haifar da matsin lamba kaɗan.

Hakanan ana iya kiyaye wannan tasirin a cikin yashi ko dusar ƙanƙara. Idan mace ta sanya takalmin motsa jiki ko kuma wani ƙanƙanin takalmin dunduniya, tare da takalmin ƙafa mai yatsan ƙafa mai kyau sosai sai ta ƙara nutsuwa tunda duk nauyinta yana tattare ne a cikin wani ƙaramin yanki (diddigen).

Hydrostatic matsa lamba

Shine matsin da ruwa ke hutawa akan kowane bangon akwatin wanda ke dauke da ruwan. Wannan saboda ruwa yana ɗaukar fasalin akwatin kuma wannan yana cikin hutawa, sakamakon haka, yana faruwa cewa ƙarfi iri ɗaya yana aiki akan kowane bangon.

Ruwan ruwa

Al'amari na iya kasancewa cikin daskararru, ruwa, mai iska ko jini. Al'amari a cikin yanayi mai ƙarfi yana da tabbataccen fasali da girma. Ruwa masu ruwa suna da tabbataccen juzu'i, amma ba tabbataccen fasali ba, suna ɗaukar siffar akwatin da ke ƙunshe da su, yayin da iskar gas ba ta da tabbataccen ƙarami ko tabbataccen fasali.

Ana daukar ruwa da iskar gas "ruwaye", tunda, a cikin wadannan, ana rike kwayoyin ne tare da karfi masu karfi na hadin kai, lokacin da suke cikin karfin karfi wadanda zasu iya gudana, suna motsi a cikin akwatin da ke dauke dasu. Ruwan ruwa sune tsarin da suke cikin motsi koyaushe.

Solids suna watsa ƙarfin da aka yi aiki akan sa, yayin cikin ruwa da iskar gas ana watsa shi.

KA'IDAR PASCAL

Masanin ilimin lissafi dan kasar Faransa kuma masanin lissafi Blaise Pascal ya bayar da gudummawa iri daban-daban a ka'idar lissafi, lissafi, da kuma tarihin kasa. Mafi sananne shine ƙa'idar da ke ɗauke da sunansa akan halayyar ruwaye. [2]

Bayanin ka'idar Pascal

Tsarin Pascal ya bayyana cewa matsin da ake yi a ko ina a cikin ruwa mai rufi da mara karfi wanda ake watsawa daidai yake a kowane bangare a cikin ruwan, ma’ana, matsin cikin ruwan ya kasance mai dorewa. [3].

Misali na ka'idar Pascal ana iya ganinsa a cikin Hoto na 3. An yi ramuka a cikin akwati kuma an rufe su da abin toshewa, sa'annan an cika su da ruwa (ruwa) kuma an sanya murfi. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfi a murfin akwatin, ana gabatar da matsin lamba a cikin ruwa wanda yake daidai a kowane bangare, yana sa duk murhunan da suke cikin ramuka su fito.

Daya daga cikin sanannun gwaje-gwajen sa shine sirinji na Pascal. Sirinjin an cika shi da ruwa an haɗa shi da bututu, lokacin da aka matsa lamba a kan abin da yake cikin sirinjin, ruwan ya tashi zuwa tsayi ɗaya a cikin kowane bututun. Don haka aka gano cewa ƙaruwar matsi na ruwa wanda yake cikin hutawa ana watsa shi gaba ɗaya cikin ƙarar da kuma duk hanyoyin. [4].

AIKI DA K’A’IDAR PASCAL

Aikace-aikace na Tsarin Pascal Ana iya ganin su a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin kayan aiki da yawa na hydraulic irin su matatun jirgin ruwa, ɗakuna, birki da jacks.

Jirgin ruwa

Jirgin ruwa na'ura ce wacce ke bada damar fadada karfi. Ana amfani da ƙa'idar aiki, dangane da ƙa'idar Pascal, a cikin matse-matse, lifta, birki, da kuma na'urori da yawa na lantarki.

Ya ƙunshi silinda biyu, na yankuna daban-daban, cike da mai (ko wani ruwa) kuma suna sadarwa da juna. Hakanan akwai masu toshewa ko piston guda biyu waɗanda suka dace cikin silinda, don su kasance cikin haɗuwa da ruwan. [5].

Misalin matattarar ruwa ya nuna a hoto na 4. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfi F1 akan fistan ƙaramin yanki A1, ana ƙirƙirar matsa lamba a cikin ruwan da ake watsawa nan take a cikin silinda. A cikin piston tare da yanki mafi girma A2, ƙarfi F2 yana da gogewa, ya fi girma fiye da abin da aka yi amfani da shi, wanda ya dogara da alaƙar yankunan A2 / A1.

Darasi 1. Don ɗaga mota, kuna son ƙirƙirar takalmin lantarki. Wace dangantaka ce dole diamita na piston ragon na hydraulic ya kasance ta yadda amfani da ƙarfi na 100 N zai iya ɗaga mota kilogiram 2500 akan babban fishon? Duba hoto na 5.

Magani

A cikin jakunkunan ruwa, ka'idar Pascal ta cika, inda matsar mai a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ɗaya take, amma ana '' ninka 'lokacin da piston suke da yankuna daban-daban. Don ƙayyade yanayin yankin na piston jack:

• Ganin yawan motar, kilogiram 2.500, da za a ɗaga, nauyin mota yana ƙaddara ta amfani da doka ta biyu ta Newton. [6]

Muna gayyatarku ku ga labarin Dokokin Newton suna da saukin fahimta

• Ana amfani da ƙa'idar Pascal, daidai da matsin lamba a cikin piston.
• An warware alakar yanki na masu fulogin kuma an sauya dabi'u. Duba hoto na 6.

Yankunan masu fuɗa yakamata su sami rabo na 24,52, misali, idan kuna da ƙaramin plunger tare da radius na 3cm (yankin A₁= 28,27 cm²), babban mai toka yana da radius na 14,8 cm (yankin A₂= 693,18 cm²).

Lif din hawa

Hawan lantarki shine na'urar inji wanda ake amfani dashi don ɗaga abubuwa masu nauyi. Ana amfani da lifts na lantarki a cikin shagunan mota da yawa don yin gyare-gyare a ƙarƙashin abin hawa.

Ayyukan hawan hawan lantarki ya dogara da ƙa'idar Pascal. Hawan sama sama gabaɗaya suna amfani da mai don watsa matsa lamba zuwa piston. Motar lantarki tana kunna famfo mai aiki da iska wanda ke matsa lamba akan fistan tare da ƙaramin yanki. A cikin piston tare da yanki mafi girma, ƙarfin yana "ninkawa", yana iya ɗaga motocin don gyara. Duba hoto na 7.

Darasi 2. Nemi matsakaicin lodi wanda za'a ɗaga tare da ɗaga motar hydrogen wanda yanki mafi ƙaramar fishon shine 28 cm2, kuma na babban piston shine 1520 cm2, lokacin da ƙarfin da za'a iya amfani da shi shine 500 N. Duba adadi 8.

Magani:

Tunda ka'idar Pascal ta cika a cikin masu ɗaga wutar lantarki, matsin lamba akan piston ɗin zai zama daidai, saboda haka sanin matsakaicin ƙarfin da za'a iya amfani dashi akan ƙaramin fishon, ana lissafin matsakaicin ƙarfin da za'a yi akan babban fishon (F2), kamar yadda wanda aka nuna a hoto na 9.

Sanin matsakaicin nauyi (F2) da za'a iya ɗagawa, ana ƙayyade nauyin ta amfani da doka ta biyu ta Newton [6], saboda haka ana iya ɗaga motocin da suka kai nauyin kilogiram 2766,85. Duba hoto na 10. Dangane da tebur a cikin hoto na 8, na matsakaicin talakawan ababen hawa, dagawa zai iya ɗaga ƙananan motoci tare da matsakaita na kilogram 2.500.

Birki na aiki

Ana amfani da birki akan ababen hawa don rage su ko kuma tsaida su gaba daya. Gaba ɗaya, birkunan na lantarki suna da inji kamar wanda aka nuna a cikin adadi. Ressaƙantar da ƙafafun birki yana amfani da ƙarfin da ake watsawa zuwa ƙaramin fistan yanki. Thearfin da ake amfani da shi yana haifar da matsa lamba a cikin ruwan birki. [7].

A cikin ruwa ana watsa matsa lamba a kowane bangare, har zuwa piston na biyu inda aka ƙarfafa ƙarfin. Piston yana aiki akan fayafai ko ganga don birki tayoyin abin hawa.

ƘARUWA

Tsarin Pascal ya faɗi cewa, don ruwan da ba za a iya magancewa ba a hutawa, matsin ya kasance cikin ruwan. Matsalar da ake aiki ko'ina a cikin ruwan da aka rufe ana watsa ta daidai cikin dukkan kwatance da kwatance.

Daga cikin aikace-aikacen da Tsarin Pascal Akwai kayan aikin lantarki da yawa kamar matse, lifta, birki da jacks, na'urorin da ke ba da damar ƙaruwa, bisa ga dangantakar yankunan da ke cikin matattun na'urar.

Kada ku daina yin bita a kan gidan yanar gizon mu Newton doka, Ka'idojin yanayi, da Ka'idar Bernoulli a tsakanin wasu masu ban sha'awa.

REFERENCIAS

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]